Histology Flashcards
(320 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 parts of the basic structure of blood vessels?
A
- Tunica intima
- Tunica media
- Tunica adventitia
2
Q
What is tunica intima made of?
A
endothelium supported by basement membrane and CT
3
Q
What is tunica media made of?
A
smooth muscle tissue, thick in arteries and thin in veins
4
Q
What is tunica adventitia made of?
A
Connective tissue, thin in the arteries and thick in the veins
5
Q
What is the structure of collagen?
A
It’s a tropocollagen monomer
6
Q
Where can type 1 collagen be found?
A
Fibrous supporting tissue skin, tendons, ligaments and bone
7
Q
Where is type 2 collagen found?
A
In hyaline cartilage, in the ground substance
8
Q
What is type 3 collagen? What does it have an affinity to?
A
Reticulin fibres, with an affinity to silver salts
9
Q
Where can type 3 collagen be found?
A
In highly cellular tissues such as the liver, bone marrow and lymphoid organs
10
Q
Where can type 4 collagen be found?
A
In the basement membrane
11
Q
Where can type 5 collagen be found?
A
In the embryo and placenta
12
Q
What does type 7 collagen do?
A
Forms special anchoring fibrils that links ECF to basement membranes
13
Q
What are the cells of the central glia?
A
- Macroglia : astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells
- Microglia
14
Q
What are the peripheral glial cells?
A
Schwann cells, satellite glial cells
15
Q
What are chondrons made of? (3)
A
Chondrocyte cluster + basophilic capsule + territorial matrix
16
Q
What does the perichondrion cover?
A
Elastic and hyaline cartilage
17
Q
What does perichondrion NOT cover?
A
Fibrocartilage
18
Q
What are the central (primary) lymphoid organs?
A
Bone marrow and thymus
19
Q
What is the role of the central lymphoid organs?
A
Production and early selectin of lymphocytes
20
Q
What are the peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs?
A
Lymph node, spleen, tonsils, MALT
21
Q
What is the role of the peripheral lymphoid organs?
A
Maintain mature lymphocytes and initiate adaptive immune response, site of lymphocyte activation
22
Q
Which layers is the gallbladder missing?
A
- muscularis mucosae
- tela submucosa
23
Q
What is the order of tunica muscularis in the gallbladder?
A
Circular, longitudinal, oblique
24
Q
Which follicles have a germinal center?
A
secondary lymph follicles
25
What is the role of the dendritic cells in the paracortex of lymph node?
Present antigen to the T cells
26
What is the role of the mast cells, what do they contain?
produce Ab for inflammation, contain heparine and histamine granules
27
How are plasma cells recognizable? (2)
Eccentric nuclei and cartwheel arrangement of heterochromatin
28
What is present in the mitochondria of brown adipocytes?
Cytochrome oxidase
29
What is heat control by brown adipocytes under the control of?
Of the sympathetic nervous system
30
How are the muscle layers in the tunica muscularis of the trachea
transverse and longitudinal
31
What are 2 things that tunica mucosa of the urothelium doesn't have?
- CT papillae
| - Lamina muscularis mucosae
32
Where is the tela submucosa absent in the urothelium?
In the trigone of the bladder
33
What are the muscle layers of detrusor muscle (tunica muscularis)
Inner longitudinal
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal
34
What are the 3 layers in SSNK?
- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum planocellulare
35
Muscles of the 3 parts of oesophagus
Upper 1/3 : inner circular and outer longitudinal = skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 : inner circular = skeletal, outer longitudinal = smooth
Inferior 1/3 : inner circular + outer longitudinal = smooth muscle
36
What type of glands are found in the lamina propria mucosae of oesophagus?
Schaffer's glands, simple or branched tubular mucous glands
37
What is lamina muscularis mucosa?
A longitudinal smooth muscle layer characteristic of digestive viscera
38
What are the 5 layers of SSK?
- stratum basale /germinativum
- stratum spinosum / polygonale
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum corneum
39
Which granules in cytoplasm of stratum granulosum of SSK
Dense basophilic granules : keratohyalin
40
What is the tunica media of the small arteries?
5-10 layers of SMC
41
What do small arteries have, and what do they miss?
They have the internal elastic lamina and no external elastic lamina
42
What is the tunica media of arterioles?
1-4 layers of SMC
43
What does Verhoeff's elastic stain do?
Elastic fibres black, collagen fibres red
44
What are the 4 layers of the penis?
- Skin
- Dartos fascia
- Buck's fascia
- Tunica albuginea
45
What is the order of arteries to the penis for erection etc?
- Internal iliac
- Internal pudendal
- Deep artery of the penis
- Helicine artery
46
In which structure do we find Peyer's patches?
In the ileum
47
What do duodenum, jejunum and ileum have in common?
Tunica mucosa is simple columnar epithelium, and has plcae circularis (aka valves of kerkring)) and intestinal villi
48
What are goblet cells?
Unicellular glands that release mucoid granules filled with mucin through exocytosis. has Y shaped nucleus. Mucin is not stained in HE
49
2 main cell types in pineal gland
Pinealocytes and astroglial cells
50
What do pinealocytes release
calcium, which condenses and forms corpora arenacea = brain sand
51
What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?
- zona glomerulosa
- zona fasciculata
- zona reticularis
52
what does zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex produce?
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
53
What does zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex produce?
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
54
What are the 4 main characteristics of the zona reticularis of adrenal cortex?
- eosinophilic bc less lipid granules
- brown lipofuschin granules in cytoplasm
- pycnotic nuclei
- produce androgens
55
Which cells make up the adrenal medulla and why are they called like this?
Chromaffin cells due to affinity to chrome salts
56
What is the role of the chromaffin cells?
Convert NE to E which will the be sent to the vessel
57
What are the 2 main types of cells in the parathyroid gland?
- Chief (principal) cells
| - Oxyphil cells
58
What do chief cells of the parathyroid gland secrete?
PTH
59
What do oxyphil cells of the parathyroid gland secrete?
They secrete parathyroid hormone related protein, and calcitriol
60
What is calcitriol?
An analog of vitamin D
61
Where does the parathyroid gland come from embryologically?
- Inferior parathyroid gland = 3rd pharyngeal pouch
| - Superior parathyroid gland = 4th pharyngeal pouch
62
What does the calcitonin immunostaining and hematoxylin staining do?
It colours the C cells brown
63
What lines the follicles in the thyroid gland?
Squamous, cuboidal or low columnar secretory epithelium
64
What do the secretory cells of the follicles in the thyroid gland produce?
T3 and T4 hormones
65
What fills the follicular lumen in the thyroid gland?
Colloid material (glycoprotein complex thyroglobulin) which stores the thyroid hormones
66
What can we find in the interfollicular space (parafollicular space) of the thyroid gland?
- Mixed follicles
| - Solid nest cells
67
What is the embryonic origin of solid nest cells? (thyroid gland)
endodermal origin
68
What are the 2 types of solid nest cells? (thyroid gland)
Main cells and C cells
69
What are properties of the Main cells of the thyroid gland? (4)
- Polygonal, elongated or spindle shaped
- Strongly eosinophilic cytoplasm
- Stem cell nature
- Impossible to identify with HE
70
What are the properties of the C cells of the thyroid gland?
- Pale cytoplasm (paler than other cells in this slide)
| - Responsible for secretion of calcitonin
71
What does Gomori's chrome hematoxylin-phyloxin do?
Stains Gomori's substance : the neurophysin dark blue / purple. It is also used to show the different cell types in the adenohypophysis
72
What is neurophysin?
The transporter molecule for oxytocin and vasopressin in neurosecretory cells
73
What are the cell types in the adenohypophysis?
Chromophobes (don't like stain) and chromophils, which are subdivided into acidophils and basophils
74
What are the types of acidophils in the adenohypophysis and what do they secrete?
```
alpha 1 (somatotrophs) - GH
alpha 2 (lacototrophs) - PRL
```
75
What are the types of basophils in the adenohypophysis and what do they secrete?
```
Beta 1 (corticotrophs) - ACTH
Beta 2 (thyrotrophs) - TSH
Delta 1 (gonadotrophs) - FSH
Delta 2 (gonadotrophs) - LH
```
76
What are Herring bodies?
dilated parts of axons from the hypothalamus which have accumulated neurosecretory material. It is stained dark.
77
What does the neurohypophysis develop from?
From the floor of the diencephalon (ectodermal origin)
78
What does the adenohypophysis develop from?
From the hypophyseal placode (ectodermal origin)
79
What are the 2 parts of the neurohypophysis?
Pars nervosa and the infundibular stalk
80
What are the 3 parts of the adenohypophysis?
- Pars distalis (anterior lobe)
- Pars tuberalis
- Pars intermedia
81
What is pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis made of? (2)
Basophilic cell cords and follicles lines by chromophobe cells containing colloid material
82
What is the neurohypophysis made of? (2)
Unmyelinated axon of secretory neurons and pituicytes (type of astrocyte)
83
What are the 2 types of nuclei in the hypothalamus and what do they produce?
- Paraventricular nucleus - oxytocin and ADH
| - Supraoptic nucleus - ADH and oxytocin
84
How are molecules transported in the hypophysis?
Coupled to neurophysin and through the supraoptico-hyophyseal tract and the paraventriculohypophyseal tract, to the neurohypophysis
85
Which cells line the third ventricle?
ependymal cells
86
What is the nucleus basalis of Meynert?
cholinergic neurons that form the sole source of cholinergic innervation of the cortex. Important in Alzeihmer's.
87
What type of tissue is the dura matter?
dense, irregular collagen CT covered internally by flat epithelial cells
88
What type of tissue is the arachnoid?
Fibrocollagenous CT with trabeculae radiating inwards
89
What type of tissue is the pia matter?
Delicate, loose CT - with collagen fibers under the epithelial cell layer
90
What does cresyl violet stain?
Basic dye
- Nissl's substance : deep purple
- Nucleus : purple
- CT fibers : light blue
- RBC : blue
91
What does luxol fast blue stain?
Myelin staining method
- Binds to lipoproteins of the myelin : blue
- Nucleoproteins : purple / blue
92
What are the 2 molecules that keep the myelin sheath together?
- MBP : myelin basic protein
| - PLP : proteolipid protein (PO in PNS)
93
Which cells form the myelin sheath in the PNS?
Schwann cells
94
2 properties of sensory ganglia
- NO synapses
| - Pseudounipolar neurons with a central and peripheral process
95
What is the role of the perineurium?
It maintains the high endoneurial fluid pressure, which is higher than the pressure in the extrafascicular tissue
96
Diameter of an axon without myelin
1,5 to 2 micrometres
97
Which protein precipitates in the myelin sheath?
neurokeratin, it stains eosinophilic
98
What does Bielschowsky's impregnation do?
It is a type of silver impregnation that stain neurofibrils, reticular fibres, nuclei of glial cells BLACK
99
What are the characteristics of the autonomic ganglia? (3)
- Multipolar neuron
- CT capsule
- Receives info from preganglionic neuron through synapse
100
What is the neuropil?
An are in the nervous system composed of mostly unmyelinated axon, dendrites and glial cell processes (so inside ggl)
101
What is the diameter of multipolar neurons in autonomic ganglions?
20-45 micrometers
102
What is the parasympathetic pathway to the submandibular ganglion?
Superior salivatory nucleus of pons (CN VII) - Chorda tympani - submandibular ganglion
103
What is used for cholinesterase enzyme histochemistry?
DAB diaminobenzidien
104
In which layer are the corpuscule of Meissner found?
In the dermal papillary layer of hairless skin
105
What is a Meissner corpuscule made of?
Made of flattened Schwann cells that form lamellae parallel to the skin surface.
106
What connects the Meissner corpuscule to the epidermal basal membrane?
interlamellar collagen fibers and microfilaments, through the upper pole
107
What happens to nerve cells that enter the Meissner corpuscle?
They lose their myelin sheath and run spirally among the lamellae to the superficial pole
108
What does the epidermis develop from?
from the surface ectoderm
109
What does the dermis develop from?
From the mesenchyme
110
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
- Papillary layer (loose CT, dermal papillae)
| - Reticular layer (dense CT, collagen and elastic fibers)
111
Which subcutaneous layers NEVER contain fat cells?
eye lids and penis
112
What is reticular cutis?
Strong CT strands that extend from the fascia to the dermis, tether the skin
113
What do eccrine glands do?
Produce a clear, odorless sweat consisting mainly of water, through merocrine secretion
114
What do Pacinian corpuscules detect?
Coarse touch, pressure and vibration
115
What gland structure do eccrine glands have?
Coiled tubular, helical course in the dermis. Lose their wall in the epidermis
116
Where can pacinian corpuscles be found?
Deep dermis and hypodermis
117
What are pacinian corpuscles classified as?
- Encapsulated sensory nerve ending
- A single peripheral neural process encapsulated by 30 layers of flattened Schwann cells and fibroblasts.
- Dense core and lamellar structure
118
What are the 2 types of fibers in the muscle spindle?
Nuclear chain fiber and nuclear bag fiber
119
What are the types of nerve endings for muscle spindle?
Annulospiral
Flower spray
Gamma motor fibers
120
What separates the paired posterior funiculi?
Posterior median septum (composed of neuroglia cells)
121
Which cells line the central canal of SP?
The ependymal cells (type of CNS glial cell)
122
Where is the rexed lamina II?
Substantia gelatinosa is in the dorsal horn
123
What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?
- Outer molecular layer
- Purkinje layer
- Inner granular layer
124
Which cells do we find in the outer molecular layer of cerebellar cortex?
Stellate and basket cells
125
Which cells do we find in the inner granular later of the cerebellar cortex?
Granular cells and golgi cells
126
What is a glomerular synapse? (glomerulus)
- Axon of Golgi
- Dendrite of granular cell
- Mossy fiber (afferent)
- Glial sheath
127
Which marker is used for pan filament neuronal neurofilament immunocytochemistry?
SMI311, marks neurons - convenient to trace the dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells
128
What are lugaro cells?
Bipolar, inhibitory cells that lie in the granular cell later below the purkinje cells
129
What are the golgi cells of the cerebellum?
Large multipolar, inhibitory (GABA) cells
130
What are the basket cells of the cerebellum?
Inhibitory (GABA) cells with long axons horizontally oriented
131
What are the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex?
1. Molecular / plexiform layer
2. Outer granular layer
3. Outer pyramidal layer
4. Inner granular layer
5. Inner pyramidal layer
6. Multiform later
132
What does Bodian's silver impregnation stain?
- Nerve fibers in black
| - Cell bodies in grey
133
What is the stripe of Baillager?
2 lamina of white fibers that course parallel to the surface of the cerebral cortex
134
What do we find in the molecular / plexiform layer of the cerebral cortex?
Mostly fibers + cell bodies of stellate cells (GLU) + Cajal-retzius cells (GABA)
135
What do we find in the outer granular layer of the cerebral cortex?
stellate and pyramidal cells
136
What do we find in the outer pyramidal layer of the cerebral cortex?
pyramidal cells
137
What do we find in the inner granular later of the cerebral cortex?
small pyramidal and stellate shaped cells
138
What do we find in the inner pyramidal layer of the cerebral cortex?
Pyramidal cells - in precentral gyrus : Betz's giant pyramidal cells
139
What do we find in the multiform layer of the cerebral cortex?
Polymorphic cells and fusiform cells, pyramidal neurons
140
What are the 3 layers of the hippocampal cortex?
1. Stratum oriens (outer plexiform)
2. Stratum pyramidalis
3. Stratum radiatium / stratum moleculare (inner plexiform)
141
What are the 4 afferent pathways to the hippocampus?
1. Alvear path
2. Commissural hippocampal fibers
3. Schaffer's collaterals
4. Perforant path
142
What is the alvear path?
In the parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal cortex), terminate on the dendrites of the pyramidal neurons
143
What is the commissural hippocampal fibers pathway?
Course in the hippocampal commissure (bw crura fornices) and terminate in the hippocampus as mossy fibers
144
What is schaffer's collaterals pathway?
Axon collaterals of the pyramidal neurons of ipsilateral hippocampus terminate on the dendrites of pyramidal neurons
145
What is the perforant pathway?
dentate gyrus receiving afferent connections from the parahippocampal gyrus
146
What is the thickened layer of skin surrounding the nail called?
Eponychium
147
What are the layers of the nail matrix?
Stratum basale (germinativum) and stratum spinosum
148
What is the hyponichium?
thickened epidermal later extending from the nail bed to the groove under the nail plate. Theoretical border.
149
What is special about the AV anastomosis histologically?
- between arteriole and post capillary venule
- thicker wall than pre anastomotic arteries
- has extra inner longitudinal smooth muscle layer
- surrounded by CT capsule
150
What innervates the AV anastomosis?
adrenergic nerve fibers
151
What are the 3 parts of the hair follicle?
- Infundibulum (continuation of epidermis)
- Isthmus
- Distal part (hair bulb and keratogenic zone)
152
What are the layers of the (actual) hair strand?
- Medulla (keratin)
- Cortex (melanin and microfilaments)
- Cuticle (6-8 layers)
153
What are the layers surrounding the hair strand?
- Internal root sheath
- External root sheath
- Glassy membrane
154
What are the layers of the internal root sheath of the hair?
- Cuticle
- Layer of Huxley
- Layer of Henley
155
What are the layers of the hair bulb? (5)
- Hair papilla
- Germinal matrix
- Internal root sheath
- External root sheath
- Glassy membrane
156
What type of gland is mamillary gland?
Modified apocrine sweat gland imbedded in adipose tissue and CT
157
What is the alveolar duct?
The intralobular ducts of the mammilary gland
158
What is the lactiferous duct? What is it lined by?
The excretory duct of each lobe, lined by stratified columnar / cuboidal epithelium
159
What are the lactiferous sinuses? What are they lined by?
Dilations of the lactiferous duct, last "step", lined by stratified squamous epithelium
160
How is milk secreted in the pregnant mamillary gland? (2)
1. lipid droplets at top of epithelial cells are secreted by apocrine mechanism
2. Milk proteins, give eosinophilic tint, are secreted through exocytosis
161
How are the milk secreting cells in the pregnant mammillary gland?
Small and low cuboidal
162
What are Montgommery glands?
Combination of sebaceous and milk glands
163
What are the 3 coats of the eye?
Fibrous coat
Vascular coat
Retina (nervous coat)
164
What are the parts of the fibrous coat of the eye?
Cornea, sclera
165
What are the parts of the vascular coat of the eye?
Iris, ciliary body, choroid
166
What is special about the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid?
It has no fat
167
What are the 3 glands you can find in the eyelid?
- Meibomian glands : sebacieous gland w/o hair follicle
- Glands of Zeiss : sebaceous
- Glands of Moll : modified apocrine sweat gland
168
Where are the meibomian glands of the eyelid?
In the tarsal plate, straight central duct opens at the free margin of the eyelid
169
Where are the glands of zeiss and moll in the eyelid?
In the subcutaneous tissue, they open into the hair follicles of he eyelashes
170
What is the cunjunctiva of the eyelid?
A highly vascular membrane covering the posterior part of the eyelid. It transitions from SSNK to stratified columnar with goblet cells.
171
What muscles can we find in the eyelid?
- Palpebral part of the orbicularis ori
- Levator palpebrae superioris
- Fibers of superior tarsal muscle
172
What is the tarsus of the eye?
A dense fibrous plate that provides support for the eyelid
173
What type of gland is the lacrimal gland?
Serous (protein), lobulated, tubuloacinar gland similar to salivary glands
174
What is the pathways of the tears in the lacrimal gland?
they go directly from the acini to the excretory (interlobar) duct
175
What is the epithelium lining the duct of the lacrimal gland?
Double layered cuboidal epithelium
176
What are the 5 layers of the cornea?
- epithelium : SSNK
- Bowman's membrane (outer limiting membrane)
- Stroma
- Descement's membrane (posterior limiting membrane)
- Endothelial layer
177
What is special about the epithelium of the cornea?
No stem cells in the basal layer : new cells migrate from the edge of the cornea (limbal mitotic cells)
178
What is the role of Bowman's membrane of the cornea?
Support epithelium and protect stroma
179
What can we find in the stroma of the cornea? (3)
collagen
fibroblasts
keratocytes
180
Why is the sclera of the eye white?
due to a normal level of bilirubin, if the level goes up then sclera turns yellow
181
What are the 3 layers of the sclera?
- Episclera
- Sclera proper
- Lamina fusca
182
What can we find at the corneo scleral junction?
the canal of Schlemm, which drains aqueous humor
183
What are the layers of the iris? (4)
- Endothelium
- Stroma
- Two papillary muscles
- Pigmented epithelium (melanocytes)
184
What innervates sphincter papillae?
parasympathetic innervation from short ciliary nerve (CNIII)
185
What innervates dilator papillae muscle?
sympathetic innervation from superior cervical ganglion
186
What muscle can we find in the ciliary body?
The ciliary muscle
187
What are the 3 parts of the ciliary muscle?
1. Circular fibers of Muller
2. Meridional fibers of Brucke
3. Radial fibers
188
What are the 2 roles of the ciliary body?
- Produce aqueus humor for the posterior chamber
| - Control shape of lens with ciliary muscle
189
What is the inner part of the ciliary body covered by?
It is covered by the ciliary part of the retina
190
What is the choroid layer of the eye?
It is the vascular layer that lies between the retina and the sclera
191
What are the 4 layers of the choroid layer of the eye?
- Suprachoroid layer (pigmented, large vessels)
- Vascular layer (medium vessels)
- Choriocapillary layer (fenestrated capillaries)
- Bruch's membrane (separating with retina)
192
What are the 10 layers of the retina?
1. Pigmented epithelium
2. Photoreceptors : rods and cones
3. Outer limiting membrane
4. Outer nuclear layer
5. Outer plexiform layer
6. Inner nuclear layer
7. Inner plexiform layer
8. Ganglion cell layer
9. Optic nerve fibers
10. Inner limiting layer
193
What forms the outer limiting membrane of the retina?
The peripheral processes of Muller glial cells
194
What forms the outer nuclear layer of the retina?
The nuclei of the rods and cones
195
What is the plexiform layer of the retina?
Synapse layer
196
What is the inner nuclear layer of the retina made of? (4)
- bipolar cells
- amacrine cells (GABAergic)
- horizontal cells (GABAergic)
- Muller cells (glial / supporting)
197
What is the normal intraocular pressure? What maintains it?
15mmHg, maintained by aqueous humor
198
What attaches the lens to the ciliary body?
The zonular fibers
199
What fills the saccule? (ear)
endolymph
200
What are the 3 layers of the wall of the saccule?
1. Outer layer : fibrous - flat perilymphatic cells
2. Middle layer : vascular CT
3. Inner layer : simple squamous / cuboidal epithelium
201
What is the otolith membrane?
a thick gelatinous layer that contains the tips of stereocilia of the hair cells
202
What are otoliths / otoconia? What is their role?
calcium carbonate crystals. when accelerating in a straight line, they cause activation of the hair cells
203
What is the gelatinous substance of the otolith membrane composed of?
GAG and fibrous proteins
204
What are the characteristics of type 1 hair cells?
bottle shaped, its base does not reach the basal lamina of epithelium
205
What are the characteristics of type 2 hair cells?
cylindrical, have a higher nuclei than type 1
206
What do both hair cell types have apically?
1 kenocilia and a bunch of steriocilia
207
What do the supporting cells of the macula do?
They form a stable plate called the reticular lamina
208
What is the modiolus? What does it transmit?
The spongy bone in the center of the bony cochlea, it transmits cochlear nerve fibers
209
What does the basilar membrane separate?
scala media from scala tympani
210
What are the 2 parts of the basilar membrane?
```
zona arcuata (medial part) - supports organ of corti
zona pectinata (lateral part) - thicker
```
211
What covers the basilar membrane on the side of the scala tympani?
squamous perilymphatic cells
212
What does the vestibular membrane of Reissner separate?
The scala media form the scala vestibuli
213
What is the vestibular membrane of Reissner made of?
2 layers of squamous epithelial cells
214
What lines the outer lateral wall of the cochlear duct? what is special about it?
stria vascularis - it's the only epithelium in the body to have an intraepithelial capillary plexus
215
What are the cells of stria vascularis?
Marginal cells (many mitochondria), intermediate cells and basal cells (+ capillaries)
216
What do the apex and base of organ of corti detect?
Apex : low frequency sound
| Base : high frequency sound
217
What are the 2 sensory cells of the organ of corti?
Inner hair cells and outer hair cells
218
What cells border the inner canal / tunnel of corti?
Supporting cells called inner and outer pilar cells
219
What is the space of Nuel? (ear)
space between the outer pillar cells and the outer phalangeal cell, contain perilymph
220
What are Peyer's patches?
aggregated lymphatic follicles that penetrate into the mucosa to present antigens to lymphocytes
221
What is mesothelium?
Simple squamous endothelium of the visceral peritoneum
222
What type of gland is submandibular?
Serous mostly but also mucous
223
What are the granules in mucous and serous glands?
- Mucin / mucigen granules : mucous
| - Zymogen granules : serous
224
Lining of intercalated duct
low cuboidal epithelium
225
Lining of striated duct
large tall eosinophil cuboidal cells
226
Lining of interlobar duct
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
227
Lining of main excretory duct
stratified columnar epithelium
228
Which 3 cells have merocrine type secretion?
goblet cell, serous cell, mucous cell
229
Which gland has apocrine type secretion?
apical sweat glands
230
Which gland has holocrine type secretion?
sebaceous gland (only one!)
231
What does Movat's pentachrome staining do?
stains mucin producing acini with turquoise blue color + can be in serous cells weakly due to carbohydrates in serous secretions
232
Where does the apocrine sweat gland open into the hair follicle?
right above the entry of sebaceous gland
233
Which gland can we find in the eyelid?
Modified apocrine sweat gland of Moll
234
IN which skin layer can we find sebaceous glands?
In the dermis
235
What is the sebum composed of?
oily / lipid secretory product + debris of apoptotic cells
236
What type of gland structure does the sebaceous gland have?
branched acinar
237
What is the covering epithelium of the umbilical cord?
Amniotic epithelium : simple squamous / cuboidal
238
What is the effect of bradykinin?
It constricts vessels when the temperature gets cold
239
What type of arteries can we find in the umibilical cord?
muscular arteries
240
Where does mucoid tissues persist in after birth? (3)
1. Dental pulp
2. vitrous body
3. nucleus pulposus
241
What is the umbilical cord CT?
it is Wharton's jelly, tissue rich in GAGs (mostly hyaluronic acid)
242
What are mesenchymal cells?
Primitive cells that will be future fibroblasts
243
What does the trichrome stain do? (3)
- Collagen : blue
- Nuclei : red
- Cytoplasm : red
244
What is special about the epithelium of the vagina?
it is a bit vacuolated due to presence of glycogen in the cells which is removed during staining
245
What can we observe in the lamina propria of the vagina?
Vascular cavernosus spaces (erectile tissue) with the parasympathetic ganglia that innervate them
246
Which striated muscle can we see on the vaginal slide?
bulbospongiosus
247
What is the tendon made of?
bundles of coarse collagen fibers ordered parallelly and tendocytes (fibrocytes)
248
What is the ECM of the hyaline cartilage made of?
ground substance - hyaluronic acid
249
Why are chondrocytes vacuolar?
Because of the dissolved lipids and glycogen
250
What do chondrocytes secrete? (3)
collagen, pteoglycan, GAG
251
What are chondrocytes housed in?
in lacunae
252
What are the 2 types of matrix in hyaline cartilage and what is the difference between the 2?
Territorial and interterritorial matrix. Interterritorial is less basophilic due to lower proteoglycans content
253
What are the 2 layers of the perichondrium of hyaline cartilage?
- Inner cellular (chondrogenic)
| - Outer fibrous (type 1 collagen fibers)
254
What is the main difference between elastic and hyaline cartilage?
The matrix of elastic cartilage does NOT calcify during age
255
What is the main difference between fibrous and hyaline cartilage?
Less ground substance in the matrix : thick collagen fibers (type 1 and some 2) with fibroblasts, less chondrons
256
What are the 3 types of lamellae in the bone?
- Concentric : around haversian canal
- Interstitial : between osteons
- Circumferential : around entire bone
257
What is an osteon?
haversian canal + concentric lamellae
258
What do the interstitial lamellae of bone reflect?
reflect bone remodelling
259
What connects haversian canals?
volkmann's canals (transverse)
260
What is the function of the trabeculae of bone
space for storage of fat cells and formation of blood
261
Which cells are in the endosteum / in the periosteum ?
Osteoprogenitor cells / osteoblasts
262
What type of special staining can be used on bone?
Schmorl / picrithionin
263
What does the nasolacrimal duct drain into?
Into the inferior nasal meatus
264
What is special about osteoclasts? (3)
large, multinucleated, acidophilic
265
How are most long bones formed?
By endochondral ossification = replacement of cartilage model by bone
266
Why are erythrocytes stained eosinophilic?
Due to hemoglobin
267
Percentage of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes in WBC
- neutrophils : 60-70%
- Eosinophils : 2-4%
- basophils : 0.5-1%
- lymphocytes : 20-30%
- monocytes : 3-8%
268
How is the nucleus of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils?
- Neutrophils : highly lobulated
| - Basophils and eosinophils : bilobed
269
What is the approximate size of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils?
Neutrophils and eosinophils : 12-15 micrometers
| Basophils : 8-10 micrometers
270
What is special about monocytes? (2)
- Kidney shaped nucleus
| - Azurophilic granules in cytoplasm (lysosomes)
271
What is Eberth's line and what is it made of?
- Connection between 2 cardiac muscle cells
| - Adhering jct + desmosomes + GAP junction
272
What do the epiphysis consist of (endochondral ossification)?
They consist of hyaline cartilage
273
What are the 5 zones in endochondral ossification?
1. Resting zone / zone of reserve cartilage
2. Zone of proliferation
3. Zone of degeneration / hypertrophy
4. Zone of mesenchymal invasion and ossification
5. Osteogenetic zone
274
What happens in the zone of proliferation of endochondral ossification?
chondrocytes divide (mitotic activity) and form rows parallel with the axis of the growing bone
275
What happens in the zone of degeneration of endochondral ossification?
chondrocytes become enlarged due to glycogen accumulation. The intercellular matric becomes calcified (spicules)
276
What happens in the zone of mesenchymal invasion and ossification of endochondral ossification? (2)
- Chondrocytes die and chondroclasts resorb them
| - Lacunae of calcified matrix are invaded by osteoblasts and capillaries
277
What happens in the osteogenic zone of the endochondral ossification?
- Osteoblasts deposit bone (osteoid) upon the spicules (calcified cartilage)
278
What is a primary osteocyte?
Osteoblast + osteoid in the lacunae
279
What is vasa vasorum for?
Supplying the thick aortic wall
280
What can we find between tunica intima and tunica media of elastic arteries?
internal elastic membrane
281
What are 2 important features of muscular arteries?
- Less elastic component and more SM in the tunica media
| - Well defined internal and external elastic lamina*ù
282
Which layer is missing in capillaries?
Tunica media is absent
283
What is an important fact of the thymus?
It has NO lymphatic follicles
284
What is the framework of the thymus?
epitheloid reticular cells connected by desmosomes
285
What is in the cortex of the thymus?
densely packed small thymocytes (t cell precursors) and the epithelial reticular cells (lighter)
286
What is in the medulla of the thymus? (3)
Fewer and larger thymocytes, mature T lymphocytes, hassal's corpuscles
287
What happens to the thymocytes in the cortex of thymus?
they divide and either die or survive and recognize MHC of the body
288
What are Hassal's corpusles made of?
degenerated epitheloi reticular cells, with keratinization in the center
289
What do Hassal's corpuscles secrete?
Cytokine called thymic stromal lymphopoietin
290
What are the layers of the blood-thymus barrier?
- Endothelium
- Basal lamina of endothelium
- Pericyte
- Perivascular CT space
- Basal lamina of epitheloid reticular cell
291
How do T-lymphoytes leave the thymus?
Through post capillary venules at the corticomedullary border
292
What is the role of eosinophils in the thymus?
Present antigens and select T lymphocytes
293
Which is the only tonsil that has a "full" capsule?
Palatine tonsil - it separates tonsil from rest of the tissue
294
How are the crypts of the palatine, lingual and pharyngeal tonsils?
palatine : many, deep, branching
| lingual and pharyngeal : few and shallow
295
What can we find in the parafollicular area of the palatine tonsils?
HEV
296
Where do we find B and T lymphocytes?
B in the follicle, T in the interlymphatic area
297
What is the marker on B and T lymphocytes?
- B : CD20
| - T : CD3
298
Which type of gland can we find in the palatine tonsils?
Mucous glands
299
What is the germinal center of lymphatic follicles?
It is mature dividing B lymphocytes, less dense so lighter
300
What type of gland can we find near the lingual tonsil? What is their role?
Mucous glands, they open into the shallow crypts to wash them
301
What type of epithelium does the pharyngeal tonsil have?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) with goblet cells
302
Which tonsil is separated into lobules?
the pharyngeal tonsils, separated by a hemicapsule
303
What type of gland can we find near the pharyngeal tonsil?
Seromucous glands
304
What is an adenoid?
enlargement of the pharyngeal tonsils that can cause blockage of the airways
305
In which region of follicles do B lymphocytes meet antigens and activate?
In the outer region, around ther germinal center
306
What is the main lymphocyte type in the paracortex of the lymph node?
T lymphocyte
307
What are medullary cords of the lymph node?
Projections of the cortical lymph follicles
308
What do medullary cords (lymph node) contain? (3)
lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells
309
What do is the order of drainage after the lymph vessels empty?
into marginal sinus, then trabecular sinus, then medullary sinus
310
What forms / lines the medullary sinuses of the lymph node?
reticuloendothelial cells (incomplete lining)
311
What is the spleen and lymph node's CT meshwork made of?
Reticular cells and reticulin fibers
312
What are 3 functions of the spleen?
Disposal of old erythrocytes, hematopoiesis in the fetus, interaction of blood antigens and lymphocytes
313
What is the order of blood flow from the splenic artery in the spleen? (5)
- trabecular artery
- central arteriole
- penicilliform arteriole
- Ellipsoid arteriole
- Splenic sinus
314
What are the 3 areas of the white pulp?
1. PALS
2. Malpighian follicles
3. Marginal zone
315
What is the periarteriolar lymph sheath? (3)
- No germinal center
- T lymphocyte dependant
- Central aerteriole in central position
316
What is a malpighian follicle?
- B lymphocyte dependant
- With germinal center and corona zone
- Central arteriole is eccentric
317
What is the marginal zone of the white pulp? (3)
- zone between red and white pulp
- B lymphocyte dependant
- Contains marginal sinus
318
What is the composition of the wall of the ellipsoid arterioles of the spleen? (2)
Endothelial cells and macrophages
319
What is the composition of the wall of the splenic sinus?
Reticuloendothelial cells also known as STAVE CELLS.
320
What are splenic cords of Bilroth?
The spaces between the sinusoids in the spleen
