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Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the basic structure of blood vessels?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
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2
Q

What is tunica intima made of?

A

endothelium supported by basement membrane and CT

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3
Q

What is tunica media made of?

A

smooth muscle tissue, thick in arteries and thin in veins

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4
Q

What is tunica adventitia made of?

A

Connective tissue, thin in the arteries and thick in the veins

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5
Q

What is the structure of collagen?

A

It’s a tropocollagen monomer

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6
Q

Where can type 1 collagen be found?

A

Fibrous supporting tissue skin, tendons, ligaments and bone

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7
Q

Where is type 2 collagen found?

A

In hyaline cartilage, in the ground substance

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8
Q

What is type 3 collagen? What does it have an affinity to?

A

Reticulin fibres, with an affinity to silver salts

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9
Q

Where can type 3 collagen be found?

A

In highly cellular tissues such as the liver, bone marrow and lymphoid organs

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10
Q

Where can type 4 collagen be found?

A

In the basement membrane

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11
Q

Where can type 5 collagen be found?

A

In the embryo and placenta

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12
Q

What does type 7 collagen do?

A

Forms special anchoring fibrils that links ECF to basement membranes

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13
Q

What are the cells of the central glia?

A
  • Macroglia : astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells

- Microglia

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14
Q

What are the peripheral glial cells?

A

Schwann cells, satellite glial cells

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15
Q

What are chondrons made of? (3)

A

Chondrocyte cluster + basophilic capsule + territorial matrix

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16
Q

What does the perichondrion cover?

A

Elastic and hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

What does perichondrion NOT cover?

A

Fibrocartilage

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18
Q

What are the central (primary) lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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19
Q

What is the role of the central lymphoid organs?

A

Production and early selectin of lymphocytes

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20
Q

What are the peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph node, spleen, tonsils, MALT

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21
Q

What is the role of the peripheral lymphoid organs?

A

Maintain mature lymphocytes and initiate adaptive immune response, site of lymphocyte activation

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22
Q

Which layers is the gallbladder missing?

A
  • muscularis mucosae

- tela submucosa

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23
Q

What is the order of tunica muscularis in the gallbladder?

A

Circular, longitudinal, oblique

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24
Q

Which follicles have a germinal center?

A

secondary lymph follicles

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25
Q

What is the role of the dendritic cells in the paracortex of lymph node?

A

Present antigen to the T cells

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26
Q

What is the role of the mast cells, what do they contain?

A

produce Ab for inflammation, contain heparine and histamine granules

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27
Q

How are plasma cells recognizable? (2)

A

Eccentric nuclei and cartwheel arrangement of heterochromatin

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28
Q

What is present in the mitochondria of brown adipocytes?

A

Cytochrome oxidase

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29
Q

What is heat control by brown adipocytes under the control of?

A

Of the sympathetic nervous system

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30
Q

How are the muscle layers in the tunica muscularis of the trachea

A

transverse and longitudinal

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31
Q

What are 2 things that tunica mucosa of the urothelium doesn’t have?

A
  • CT papillae

- Lamina muscularis mucosae

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32
Q

Where is the tela submucosa absent in the urothelium?

A

In the trigone of the bladder

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33
Q

What are the muscle layers of detrusor muscle (tunica muscularis)

A

Inner longitudinal
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal

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34
Q

What are the 3 layers in SSNK?

A
  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum planocellulare
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35
Q

Muscles of the 3 parts of oesophagus

A

Upper 1/3 : inner circular and outer longitudinal = skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 : inner circular = skeletal, outer longitudinal = smooth
Inferior 1/3 : inner circular + outer longitudinal = smooth muscle

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36
Q

What type of glands are found in the lamina propria mucosae of oesophagus?

A

Schaffer’s glands, simple or branched tubular mucous glands

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37
Q

What is lamina muscularis mucosa?

A

A longitudinal smooth muscle layer characteristic of digestive viscera

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38
Q

What are the 5 layers of SSK?

A
  • stratum basale /germinativum
  • stratum spinosum / polygonale
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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39
Q

Which granules in cytoplasm of stratum granulosum of SSK

A

Dense basophilic granules : keratohyalin

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40
Q

What is the tunica media of the small arteries?

A

5-10 layers of SMC

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41
Q

What do small arteries have, and what do they miss?

A

They have the internal elastic lamina and no external elastic lamina

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42
Q

What is the tunica media of arterioles?

A

1-4 layers of SMC

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43
Q

What does Verhoeff’s elastic stain do?

A

Elastic fibres black, collagen fibres red

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44
Q

What are the 4 layers of the penis?

A
  • Skin
  • Dartos fascia
  • Buck’s fascia
  • Tunica albuginea
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45
Q

What is the order of arteries to the penis for erection etc?

A
  • Internal iliac
  • Internal pudendal
  • Deep artery of the penis
  • Helicine artery
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46
Q

In which structure do we find Peyer’s patches?

A

In the ileum

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47
Q

What do duodenum, jejunum and ileum have in common?

A

Tunica mucosa is simple columnar epithelium, and has plcae circularis (aka valves of kerkring)) and intestinal villi

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48
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Unicellular glands that release mucoid granules filled with mucin through exocytosis. has Y shaped nucleus. Mucin is not stained in HE

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49
Q

2 main cell types in pineal gland

A

Pinealocytes and astroglial cells

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50
Q

What do pinealocytes release

A

calcium, which condenses and forms corpora arenacea = brain sand

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51
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
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52
Q

what does zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex produce?

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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53
Q

What does zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex produce?

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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54
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of the zona reticularis of adrenal cortex?

A
  • eosinophilic bc less lipid granules
  • brown lipofuschin granules in cytoplasm
  • pycnotic nuclei
  • produce androgens
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55
Q

Which cells make up the adrenal medulla and why are they called like this?

A

Chromaffin cells due to affinity to chrome salts

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56
Q

What is the role of the chromaffin cells?

A

Convert NE to E which will the be sent to the vessel

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57
Q

What are the 2 main types of cells in the parathyroid gland?

A
  • Chief (principal) cells

- Oxyphil cells

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58
Q

What do chief cells of the parathyroid gland secrete?

A

PTH

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59
Q

What do oxyphil cells of the parathyroid gland secrete?

A

They secrete parathyroid hormone related protein, and calcitriol

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60
Q

What is calcitriol?

A

An analog of vitamin D

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61
Q

Where does the parathyroid gland come from embryologically?

A
  • Inferior parathyroid gland = 3rd pharyngeal pouch

- Superior parathyroid gland = 4th pharyngeal pouch

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62
Q

What does the calcitonin immunostaining and hematoxylin staining do?

A

It colours the C cells brown

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63
Q

What lines the follicles in the thyroid gland?

A

Squamous, cuboidal or low columnar secretory epithelium

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64
Q

What do the secretory cells of the follicles in the thyroid gland produce?

A

T3 and T4 hormones

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65
Q

What fills the follicular lumen in the thyroid gland?

A

Colloid material (glycoprotein complex thyroglobulin) which stores the thyroid hormones

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66
Q

What can we find in the interfollicular space (parafollicular space) of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Mixed follicles

- Solid nest cells

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67
Q

What is the embryonic origin of solid nest cells? (thyroid gland)

A

endodermal origin

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68
Q

What are the 2 types of solid nest cells? (thyroid gland)

A

Main cells and C cells

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69
Q

What are properties of the Main cells of the thyroid gland? (4)

A
  • Polygonal, elongated or spindle shaped
  • Strongly eosinophilic cytoplasm
  • Stem cell nature
  • Impossible to identify with HE
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70
Q

What are the properties of the C cells of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Pale cytoplasm (paler than other cells in this slide)

- Responsible for secretion of calcitonin

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71
Q

What does Gomori’s chrome hematoxylin-phyloxin do?

A

Stains Gomori’s substance : the neurophysin dark blue / purple. It is also used to show the different cell types in the adenohypophysis

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72
Q

What is neurophysin?

A

The transporter molecule for oxytocin and vasopressin in neurosecretory cells

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73
Q

What are the cell types in the adenohypophysis?

A

Chromophobes (don’t like stain) and chromophils, which are subdivided into acidophils and basophils

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74
Q

What are the types of acidophils in the adenohypophysis and what do they secrete?

A 
alpha 1 (somatotrophs) - GH
alpha 2 (lacototrophs) - PRL
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75
Q

What are the types of basophils in the adenohypophysis and what do they secrete?

A 
Beta 1 (corticotrophs) - ACTH
Beta 2 (thyrotrophs) - TSH 
Delta 1 (gonadotrophs) - FSH
Delta 2 (gonadotrophs) - LH
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76
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

dilated parts of axons from the hypothalamus which have accumulated neurosecretory material. It is stained dark.

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77
Q

What does the neurohypophysis develop from?

A

From the floor of the diencephalon (ectodermal origin)

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78
Q

What does the adenohypophysis develop from?

A

From the hypophyseal placode (ectodermal origin)

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79
Q

What are the 2 parts of the neurohypophysis?

A

Pars nervosa and the infundibular stalk

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80
Q

What are the 3 parts of the adenohypophysis?

A
  • Pars distalis (anterior lobe)
  • Pars tuberalis
  • Pars intermedia
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81
Q

What is pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis made of? (2)

A

Basophilic cell cords and follicles lines by chromophobe cells containing colloid material

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82
Q

What is the neurohypophysis made of? (2)

A

Unmyelinated axon of secretory neurons and pituicytes (type of astrocyte)

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83
Q

What are the 2 types of nuclei in the hypothalamus and what do they produce?

A
  • Paraventricular nucleus - oxytocin and ADH

- Supraoptic nucleus - ADH and oxytocin

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84
Q

How are molecules transported in the hypophysis?

A

Coupled to neurophysin and through the supraoptico-hyophyseal tract and the paraventriculohypophyseal tract, to the neurohypophysis

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85
Q

Which cells line the third ventricle?

A

ependymal cells

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86
Q

What is the nucleus basalis of Meynert?

A

cholinergic neurons that form the sole source of cholinergic innervation of the cortex. Important in Alzeihmer’s.

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87
Q

What type of tissue is the dura matter?

A

dense, irregular collagen CT covered internally by flat epithelial cells

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88
Q

What type of tissue is the arachnoid?

A

Fibrocollagenous CT with trabeculae radiating inwards

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89
Q

What type of tissue is the pia matter?

A

Delicate, loose CT - with collagen fibers under the epithelial cell layer

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90
Q

What does cresyl violet stain?

A

Basic dye

  • Nissl’s substance : deep purple
  • Nucleus : purple
  • CT fibers : light blue
  • RBC : blue
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91
Q

What does luxol fast blue stain?

A

Myelin staining method

  • Binds to lipoproteins of the myelin : blue
  • Nucleoproteins : purple / blue
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92
Q

What are the 2 molecules that keep the myelin sheath together?

A
  • MBP : myelin basic protein

- PLP : proteolipid protein (PO in PNS)

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93
Q

Which cells form the myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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94
Q

2 properties of sensory ganglia

A
  • NO synapses

- Pseudounipolar neurons with a central and peripheral process

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95
Q

What is the role of the perineurium?

A

It maintains the high endoneurial fluid pressure, which is higher than the pressure in the extrafascicular tissue

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96
Q

Diameter of an axon without myelin

A

1,5 to 2 micrometres

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97
Q

Which protein precipitates in the myelin sheath?

A

neurokeratin, it stains eosinophilic

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98
Q

What does Bielschowsky’s impregnation do?

A

It is a type of silver impregnation that stain neurofibrils, reticular fibres, nuclei of glial cells BLACK

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99
Q

What are the characteristics of the autonomic ganglia? (3)

A
  • Multipolar neuron
  • CT capsule
  • Receives info from preganglionic neuron through synapse
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100
Q

What is the neuropil?

A

An are in the nervous system composed of mostly unmyelinated axon, dendrites and glial cell processes (so inside ggl)

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101
Q

What is the diameter of multipolar neurons in autonomic ganglions?

A

20-45 micrometers

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102
Q

What is the parasympathetic pathway to the submandibular ganglion?

A

Superior salivatory nucleus of pons (CN VII) - Chorda tympani - submandibular ganglion

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103
Q

What is used for cholinesterase enzyme histochemistry?

A

DAB diaminobenzidien

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104
Q

In which layer are the corpuscule of Meissner found?

A

In the dermal papillary layer of hairless skin

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105
Q

What is a Meissner corpuscule made of?

A

Made of flattened Schwann cells that form lamellae parallel to the skin surface.

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106
Q

What connects the Meissner corpuscule to the epidermal basal membrane?

A

interlamellar collagen fibers and microfilaments, through the upper pole

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107
Q

What happens to nerve cells that enter the Meissner corpuscle?

A

They lose their myelin sheath and run spirally among the lamellae to the superficial pole

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108
Q

What does the epidermis develop from?

A

from the surface ectoderm

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109
Q

What does the dermis develop from?

A

From the mesenchyme

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110
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  • Papillary layer (loose CT, dermal papillae)

- Reticular layer (dense CT, collagen and elastic fibers)

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111
Q

Which subcutaneous layers NEVER contain fat cells?

A

eye lids and penis

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112
Q

What is reticular cutis?

A

Strong CT strands that extend from the fascia to the dermis, tether the skin

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113
Q

What do eccrine glands do?

A

Produce a clear, odorless sweat consisting mainly of water, through merocrine secretion

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114
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscules detect?

A

Coarse touch, pressure and vibration

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115
Q

What gland structure do eccrine glands have?

A

Coiled tubular, helical course in the dermis. Lose their wall in the epidermis

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116
Q

Where can pacinian corpuscles be found?

A

Deep dermis and hypodermis

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117
Q

What are pacinian corpuscles classified as?

A
  • Encapsulated sensory nerve ending
  • A single peripheral neural process encapsulated by 30 layers of flattened Schwann cells and fibroblasts.
  • Dense core and lamellar structure
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118
Q

What are the 2 types of fibers in the muscle spindle?

A

Nuclear chain fiber and nuclear bag fiber

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119
Q

What are the types of nerve endings for muscle spindle?

A

Annulospiral
Flower spray
Gamma motor fibers

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120
Q

What separates the paired posterior funiculi?

A

Posterior median septum (composed of neuroglia cells)

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121
Q

Which cells line the central canal of SP?

A

The ependymal cells (type of CNS glial cell)

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122
Q

Where is the rexed lamina II?

A

Substantia gelatinosa is in the dorsal horn

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123
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A
  • Outer molecular layer
  • Purkinje layer
  • Inner granular layer
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124
Q

Which cells do we find in the outer molecular layer of cerebellar cortex?

A

Stellate and basket cells

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125
Q

Which cells do we find in the inner granular later of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Granular cells and golgi cells

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126
Q

What is a glomerular synapse? (glomerulus)

A
  • Axon of Golgi
  • Dendrite of granular cell
  • Mossy fiber (afferent)
  • Glial sheath
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127
Q

Which marker is used for pan filament neuronal neurofilament immunocytochemistry?

A

SMI311, marks neurons - convenient to trace the dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells

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128
Q

What are lugaro cells?

A

Bipolar, inhibitory cells that lie in the granular cell later below the purkinje cells

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129
Q

What are the golgi cells of the cerebellum?

A

Large multipolar, inhibitory (GABA) cells

130
Q

What are the basket cells of the cerebellum?

A

Inhibitory (GABA) cells with long axons horizontally oriented

131
Q

What are the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Molecular / plexiform layer
  2. Outer granular layer
  3. Outer pyramidal layer
  4. Inner granular layer
  5. Inner pyramidal layer
  6. Multiform later
132
Q

What does Bodian’s silver impregnation stain?

A
  • Nerve fibers in black

- Cell bodies in grey

133
Q

What is the stripe of Baillager?

A

2 lamina of white fibers that course parallel to the surface of the cerebral cortex

134
Q

What do we find in the molecular / plexiform layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

Mostly fibers + cell bodies of stellate cells (GLU) + Cajal-retzius cells (GABA)

135
Q

What do we find in the outer granular layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

stellate and pyramidal cells

136
Q

What do we find in the outer pyramidal layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

pyramidal cells

137
Q

What do we find in the inner granular later of the cerebral cortex?

A

small pyramidal and stellate shaped cells

138
Q

What do we find in the inner pyramidal layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

Pyramidal cells - in precentral gyrus : Betz’s giant pyramidal cells

139
Q

What do we find in the multiform layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

Polymorphic cells and fusiform cells, pyramidal neurons

140
Q

What are the 3 layers of the hippocampal cortex?

A
  1. Stratum oriens (outer plexiform)
  2. Stratum pyramidalis
  3. Stratum radiatium / stratum moleculare (inner plexiform)
141
Q

What are the 4 afferent pathways to the hippocampus?

A
  1. Alvear path
  2. Commissural hippocampal fibers
  3. Schaffer’s collaterals
  4. Perforant path
142
Q

What is the alvear path?

A

In the parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal cortex), terminate on the dendrites of the pyramidal neurons

143
Q

What is the commissural hippocampal fibers pathway?

A

Course in the hippocampal commissure (bw crura fornices) and terminate in the hippocampus as mossy fibers

144
Q

What is schaffer’s collaterals pathway?

A

Axon collaterals of the pyramidal neurons of ipsilateral hippocampus terminate on the dendrites of pyramidal neurons

145
Q

What is the perforant pathway?

A

dentate gyrus receiving afferent connections from the parahippocampal gyrus

146
Q

What is the thickened layer of skin surrounding the nail called?

A

Eponychium

147
Q

What are the layers of the nail matrix?

A

Stratum basale (germinativum) and stratum spinosum

148
Q

What is the hyponichium?

A

thickened epidermal later extending from the nail bed to the groove under the nail plate. Theoretical border.

149
Q

What is special about the AV anastomosis histologically?

A
  • between arteriole and post capillary venule
  • thicker wall than pre anastomotic arteries
  • has extra inner longitudinal smooth muscle layer
  • surrounded by CT capsule
150
Q

What innervates the AV anastomosis?

A

adrenergic nerve fibers

151
Q

What are the 3 parts of the hair follicle?

A
  • Infundibulum (continuation of epidermis)
  • Isthmus
  • Distal part (hair bulb and keratogenic zone)
152
Q

What are the layers of the (actual) hair strand?

A
  • Medulla (keratin)
  • Cortex (melanin and microfilaments)
  • Cuticle (6-8 layers)
153
Q

What are the layers surrounding the hair strand?

A
  • Internal root sheath
  • External root sheath
  • Glassy membrane
154
Q

What are the layers of the internal root sheath of the hair?

A
  • Cuticle
  • Layer of Huxley
  • Layer of Henley
155
Q

What are the layers of the hair bulb? (5)

A
  • Hair papilla
  • Germinal matrix
  • Internal root sheath
  • External root sheath
  • Glassy membrane
156
Q

What type of gland is mamillary gland?

A

Modified apocrine sweat gland imbedded in adipose tissue and CT

157
Q

What is the alveolar duct?

A

The intralobular ducts of the mammilary gland

158
Q

What is the lactiferous duct? What is it lined by?

A

The excretory duct of each lobe, lined by stratified columnar / cuboidal epithelium

159
Q

What are the lactiferous sinuses? What are they lined by?

A

Dilations of the lactiferous duct, last “step”, lined by stratified squamous epithelium

160
Q

How is milk secreted in the pregnant mamillary gland? (2)

A
  1. lipid droplets at top of epithelial cells are secreted by apocrine mechanism
  2. Milk proteins, give eosinophilic tint, are secreted through exocytosis
161
Q

How are the milk secreting cells in the pregnant mammillary gland?

A

Small and low cuboidal

162
Q

What are Montgommery glands?

A

Combination of sebaceous and milk glands

163
Q

What are the 3 coats of the eye?

A

Fibrous coat
Vascular coat
Retina (nervous coat)

164
Q

What are the parts of the fibrous coat of the eye?

A

Cornea, sclera

165
Q

What are the parts of the vascular coat of the eye?

A

Iris, ciliary body, choroid

166
Q

What is special about the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid?

A

It has no fat

167
Q

What are the 3 glands you can find in the eyelid?

A
  • Meibomian glands : sebacieous gland w/o hair follicle
  • Glands of Zeiss : sebaceous
  • Glands of Moll : modified apocrine sweat gland
168
Q

Where are the meibomian glands of the eyelid?

A

In the tarsal plate, straight central duct opens at the free margin of the eyelid

169
Q

Where are the glands of zeiss and moll in the eyelid?

A

In the subcutaneous tissue, they open into the hair follicles of he eyelashes

170
Q

What is the cunjunctiva of the eyelid?

A

A highly vascular membrane covering the posterior part of the eyelid. It transitions from SSNK to stratified columnar with goblet cells.

171
Q

What muscles can we find in the eyelid?

A
  • Palpebral part of the orbicularis ori
  • Levator palpebrae superioris
  • Fibers of superior tarsal muscle
172
Q

What is the tarsus of the eye?

A

A dense fibrous plate that provides support for the eyelid

173
Q

What type of gland is the lacrimal gland?

A

Serous (protein), lobulated, tubuloacinar gland similar to salivary glands

174
Q

What is the pathways of the tears in the lacrimal gland?

A

they go directly from the acini to the excretory (interlobar) duct

175
Q

What is the epithelium lining the duct of the lacrimal gland?

A

Double layered cuboidal epithelium

176
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea?

A
  • epithelium : SSNK
  • Bowman’s membrane (outer limiting membrane)
  • Stroma
  • Descement’s membrane (posterior limiting membrane)
  • Endothelial layer
177
Q

What is special about the epithelium of the cornea?

A

No stem cells in the basal layer : new cells migrate from the edge of the cornea (limbal mitotic cells)

178
Q

What is the role of Bowman’s membrane of the cornea?

A

Support epithelium and protect stroma

179
Q

What can we find in the stroma of the cornea? (3)

A

collagen
fibroblasts
keratocytes

180
Q

Why is the sclera of the eye white?

A

due to a normal level of bilirubin, if the level goes up then sclera turns yellow

181
Q

What are the 3 layers of the sclera?

A
  • Episclera
  • Sclera proper
  • Lamina fusca
182
Q

What can we find at the corneo scleral junction?

A

the canal of Schlemm, which drains aqueous humor

183
Q

What are the layers of the iris? (4)

A
  • Endothelium
  • Stroma
  • Two papillary muscles
  • Pigmented epithelium (melanocytes)
184
Q

What innervates sphincter papillae?

A

parasympathetic innervation from short ciliary nerve (CNIII)

185
Q

What innervates dilator papillae muscle?

A

sympathetic innervation from superior cervical ganglion

186
Q

What muscle can we find in the ciliary body?

A

The ciliary muscle

187
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ciliary muscle?

A
  1. Circular fibers of Muller
  2. Meridional fibers of Brucke
  3. Radial fibers
188
Q

What are the 2 roles of the ciliary body?

A
  • Produce aqueus humor for the posterior chamber

- Control shape of lens with ciliary muscle

189
Q

What is the inner part of the ciliary body covered by?

A

It is covered by the ciliary part of the retina

190
Q

What is the choroid layer of the eye?

A

It is the vascular layer that lies between the retina and the sclera

191
Q

What are the 4 layers of the choroid layer of the eye?

A
  • Suprachoroid layer (pigmented, large vessels)
  • Vascular layer (medium vessels)
  • Choriocapillary layer (fenestrated capillaries)
  • Bruch’s membrane (separating with retina)
192
Q

What are the 10 layers of the retina?

A
  1. Pigmented epithelium
  2. Photoreceptors : rods and cones
  3. Outer limiting membrane
  4. Outer nuclear layer
  5. Outer plexiform layer
  6. Inner nuclear layer
  7. Inner plexiform layer
  8. Ganglion cell layer
  9. Optic nerve fibers
  10. Inner limiting layer
193
Q

What forms the outer limiting membrane of the retina?

A

The peripheral processes of Muller glial cells

194
Q

What forms the outer nuclear layer of the retina?

A

The nuclei of the rods and cones

195
Q

What is the plexiform layer of the retina?

A

Synapse layer

196
Q

What is the inner nuclear layer of the retina made of? (4)

A
  • bipolar cells
  • amacrine cells (GABAergic)
  • horizontal cells (GABAergic)
  • Muller cells (glial / supporting)
197
Q

What is the normal intraocular pressure? What maintains it?

A

15mmHg, maintained by aqueous humor

198
Q

What attaches the lens to the ciliary body?

A

The zonular fibers

199
Q

What fills the saccule? (ear)

200
Q

What are the 3 layers of the wall of the saccule?

A
  1. Outer layer : fibrous - flat perilymphatic cells
  2. Middle layer : vascular CT
  3. Inner layer : simple squamous / cuboidal epithelium
201
Q

What is the otolith membrane?

A

a thick gelatinous layer that contains the tips of stereocilia of the hair cells

202
Q

What are otoliths / otoconia? What is their role?

A

calcium carbonate crystals. when accelerating in a straight line, they cause activation of the hair cells

203
Q

What is the gelatinous substance of the otolith membrane composed of?

A

GAG and fibrous proteins

204
Q

What are the characteristics of type 1 hair cells?

A

bottle shaped, its base does not reach the basal lamina of epithelium

205
Q

What are the characteristics of type 2 hair cells?

A

cylindrical, have a higher nuclei than type 1

206
Q

What do both hair cell types have apically?

A

1 kenocilia and a bunch of steriocilia

207
Q

What do the supporting cells of the macula do?

A

They form a stable plate called the reticular lamina

208
Q

What is the modiolus? What does it transmit?

A

The spongy bone in the center of the bony cochlea, it transmits cochlear nerve fibers

209
Q

What does the basilar membrane separate?

A

scala media from scala tympani

210
Q

What are the 2 parts of the basilar membrane?

A 
zona arcuata (medial part) - supports organ of corti
zona pectinata (lateral part) - thicker
211
Q

What covers the basilar membrane on the side of the scala tympani?

A

squamous perilymphatic cells

212
Q

What does the vestibular membrane of Reissner separate?

A

The scala media form the scala vestibuli

213
Q

What is the vestibular membrane of Reissner made of?

A

2 layers of squamous epithelial cells

214
Q

What lines the outer lateral wall of the cochlear duct? what is special about it?

A

stria vascularis - it’s the only epithelium in the body to have an intraepithelial capillary plexus

215
Q

What are the cells of stria vascularis?

A

Marginal cells (many mitochondria), intermediate cells and basal cells (+ capillaries)

216
Q

What do the apex and base of organ of corti detect?

A

Apex : low frequency sound

Base : high frequency sound

217
Q

What are the 2 sensory cells of the organ of corti?

A

Inner hair cells and outer hair cells

218
Q

What cells border the inner canal / tunnel of corti?

A

Supporting cells called inner and outer pilar cells

219
Q

What is the space of Nuel? (ear)

A

space between the outer pillar cells and the outer phalangeal cell, contain perilymph

220
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

aggregated lymphatic follicles that penetrate into the mucosa to present antigens to lymphocytes

221
Q

What is mesothelium?

A

Simple squamous endothelium of the visceral peritoneum

222
Q

What type of gland is submandibular?

A

Serous mostly but also mucous

223
Q

What are the granules in mucous and serous glands?

A
  • Mucin / mucigen granules : mucous

- Zymogen granules : serous

224
Q

Lining of intercalated duct

A

low cuboidal epithelium

225
Q

Lining of striated duct

A

large tall eosinophil cuboidal cells

226
Q

Lining of interlobar duct

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

227
Q

Lining of main excretory duct

A

stratified columnar epithelium

228
Q

Which 3 cells have merocrine type secretion?

A

goblet cell, serous cell, mucous cell

229
Q

Which gland has apocrine type secretion?

A

apical sweat glands

230
Q

Which gland has holocrine type secretion?

A

sebaceous gland (only one!)

231
Q

What does Movat’s pentachrome staining do?

A

stains mucin producing acini with turquoise blue color + can be in serous cells weakly due to carbohydrates in serous secretions

232
Q

Where does the apocrine sweat gland open into the hair follicle?

A

right above the entry of sebaceous gland

233
Q

Which gland can we find in the eyelid?

A

Modified apocrine sweat gland of Moll

234
Q

IN which skin layer can we find sebaceous glands?

A

In the dermis

235
Q

What is the sebum composed of?

A

oily / lipid secretory product + debris of apoptotic cells

236
Q

What type of gland structure does the sebaceous gland have?

A

branched acinar

237
Q

What is the covering epithelium of the umbilical cord?

A

Amniotic epithelium : simple squamous / cuboidal

238
Q

What is the effect of bradykinin?

A

It constricts vessels when the temperature gets cold

239
Q

What type of arteries can we find in the umibilical cord?

A

muscular arteries

240
Q

Where does mucoid tissues persist in after birth? (3)

A
  1. Dental pulp
  2. vitrous body
  3. nucleus pulposus
241
Q

What is the umbilical cord CT?

A

it is Wharton’s jelly, tissue rich in GAGs (mostly hyaluronic acid)

242
Q

What are mesenchymal cells?

A

Primitive cells that will be future fibroblasts

243
Q

What does the trichrome stain do? (3)

A
  • Collagen : blue
  • Nuclei : red
  • Cytoplasm : red
244
Q

What is special about the epithelium of the vagina?

A

it is a bit vacuolated due to presence of glycogen in the cells which is removed during staining

245
Q

What can we observe in the lamina propria of the vagina?

A

Vascular cavernosus spaces (erectile tissue) with the parasympathetic ganglia that innervate them

246
Q

Which striated muscle can we see on the vaginal slide?

A

bulbospongiosus

247
Q

What is the tendon made of?

A

bundles of coarse collagen fibers ordered parallelly and tendocytes (fibrocytes)

248
Q

What is the ECM of the hyaline cartilage made of?

A

ground substance - hyaluronic acid

249
Q

Why are chondrocytes vacuolar?

A

Because of the dissolved lipids and glycogen

250
Q

What do chondrocytes secrete? (3)

A

collagen, pteoglycan, GAG

251
Q

What are chondrocytes housed in?

A

in lacunae

252
Q

What are the 2 types of matrix in hyaline cartilage and what is the difference between the 2?

A

Territorial and interterritorial matrix. Interterritorial is less basophilic due to lower proteoglycans content

253
Q

What are the 2 layers of the perichondrium of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Inner cellular (chondrogenic)

- Outer fibrous (type 1 collagen fibers)

254
Q

What is the main difference between elastic and hyaline cartilage?

A

The matrix of elastic cartilage does NOT calcify during age

255
Q

What is the main difference between fibrous and hyaline cartilage?

A

Less ground substance in the matrix : thick collagen fibers (type 1 and some 2) with fibroblasts, less chondrons

256
Q

What are the 3 types of lamellae in the bone?

A
  • Concentric : around haversian canal
  • Interstitial : between osteons
  • Circumferential : around entire bone
257
Q

What is an osteon?

A

haversian canal + concentric lamellae

258
Q

What do the interstitial lamellae of bone reflect?

A

reflect bone remodelling

259
Q

What connects haversian canals?

A

volkmann’s canals (transverse)

260
Q

What is the function of the trabeculae of bone

A

space for storage of fat cells and formation of blood

261
Q

Which cells are in the endosteum / in the periosteum ?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells / osteoblasts

262
Q

What type of special staining can be used on bone?

A

Schmorl / picrithionin

263
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct drain into?

A

Into the inferior nasal meatus

264
Q

What is special about osteoclasts? (3)

A

large, multinucleated, acidophilic

265
Q

How are most long bones formed?

A

By endochondral ossification = replacement of cartilage model by bone

266
Q

Why are erythrocytes stained eosinophilic?

A

Due to hemoglobin

267
Q

Percentage of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes in WBC

A
  • neutrophils : 60-70%
  • Eosinophils : 2-4%
  • basophils : 0.5-1%
  • lymphocytes : 20-30%
  • monocytes : 3-8%
268
Q

How is the nucleus of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils?

A
  • Neutrophils : highly lobulated

- Basophils and eosinophils : bilobed

269
Q

What is the approximate size of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils?

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils : 12-15 micrometers

Basophils : 8-10 micrometers

270
Q

What is special about monocytes? (2)

A
  • Kidney shaped nucleus

- Azurophilic granules in cytoplasm (lysosomes)

271
Q

What is Eberth’s line and what is it made of?

A
  • Connection between 2 cardiac muscle cells

- Adhering jct + desmosomes + GAP junction

272
Q

What do the epiphysis consist of (endochondral ossification)?

A

They consist of hyaline cartilage

273
Q

What are the 5 zones in endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Resting zone / zone of reserve cartilage
  2. Zone of proliferation
  3. Zone of degeneration / hypertrophy
  4. Zone of mesenchymal invasion and ossification
  5. Osteogenetic zone
274
Q

What happens in the zone of proliferation of endochondral ossification?

A

chondrocytes divide (mitotic activity) and form rows parallel with the axis of the growing bone

275
Q

What happens in the zone of degeneration of endochondral ossification?

A

chondrocytes become enlarged due to glycogen accumulation. The intercellular matric becomes calcified (spicules)

276
Q

What happens in the zone of mesenchymal invasion and ossification of endochondral ossification? (2)

A
  • Chondrocytes die and chondroclasts resorb them

- Lacunae of calcified matrix are invaded by osteoblasts and capillaries

277
Q

What happens in the osteogenic zone of the endochondral ossification?

A
  • Osteoblasts deposit bone (osteoid) upon the spicules (calcified cartilage)
278
Q

What is a primary osteocyte?

A

Osteoblast + osteoid in the lacunae

279
Q

What is vasa vasorum for?

A

Supplying the thick aortic wall

280
Q

What can we find between tunica intima and tunica media of elastic arteries?

A

internal elastic membrane

281
Q

What are 2 important features of muscular arteries?

A
  • Less elastic component and more SM in the tunica media

- Well defined internal and external elastic lamina*ù

282
Q

Which layer is missing in capillaries?

A

Tunica media is absent

283
Q

What is an important fact of the thymus?

A

It has NO lymphatic follicles

284
Q

What is the framework of the thymus?

A

epitheloid reticular cells connected by desmosomes

285
Q

What is in the cortex of the thymus?

A

densely packed small thymocytes (t cell precursors) and the epithelial reticular cells (lighter)

286
Q

What is in the medulla of the thymus? (3)

A

Fewer and larger thymocytes, mature T lymphocytes, hassal’s corpuscles

287
Q

What happens to the thymocytes in the cortex of thymus?

A

they divide and either die or survive and recognize MHC of the body

288
Q

What are Hassal’s corpusles made of?

A

degenerated epitheloi reticular cells, with keratinization in the center

289
Q

What do Hassal’s corpuscles secrete?

A

Cytokine called thymic stromal lymphopoietin

290
Q

What are the layers of the blood-thymus barrier?

A
  • Endothelium
  • Basal lamina of endothelium
  • Pericyte
  • Perivascular CT space
  • Basal lamina of epitheloid reticular cell
291
Q

How do T-lymphoytes leave the thymus?

A

Through post capillary venules at the corticomedullary border

292
Q

What is the role of eosinophils in the thymus?

A

Present antigens and select T lymphocytes

293
Q

Which is the only tonsil that has a “full” capsule?

A

Palatine tonsil - it separates tonsil from rest of the tissue

294
Q

How are the crypts of the palatine, lingual and pharyngeal tonsils?

A

palatine : many, deep, branching

lingual and pharyngeal : few and shallow

295
Q

What can we find in the parafollicular area of the palatine tonsils?

296
Q

Where do we find B and T lymphocytes?

A

B in the follicle, T in the interlymphatic area

297
Q

What is the marker on B and T lymphocytes?

A
  • B : CD20

- T : CD3

298
Q

Which type of gland can we find in the palatine tonsils?

A

Mucous glands

299
Q

What is the germinal center of lymphatic follicles?

A

It is mature dividing B lymphocytes, less dense so lighter

300
Q

What type of gland can we find near the lingual tonsil? What is their role?

A

Mucous glands, they open into the shallow crypts to wash them

301
Q

What type of epithelium does the pharyngeal tonsil have?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) with goblet cells

302
Q

Which tonsil is separated into lobules?

A

the pharyngeal tonsils, separated by a hemicapsule

303
Q

What type of gland can we find near the pharyngeal tonsil?

A

Seromucous glands

304
Q

What is an adenoid?

A

enlargement of the pharyngeal tonsils that can cause blockage of the airways

305
Q

In which region of follicles do B lymphocytes meet antigens and activate?

A

In the outer region, around ther germinal center

306
Q

What is the main lymphocyte type in the paracortex of the lymph node?

A

T lymphocyte

307
Q

What are medullary cords of the lymph node?

A

Projections of the cortical lymph follicles

308
Q

What do medullary cords (lymph node) contain? (3)

A

lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells

309
Q

What do is the order of drainage after the lymph vessels empty?

A

into marginal sinus, then trabecular sinus, then medullary sinus

310
Q

What forms / lines the medullary sinuses of the lymph node?

A

reticuloendothelial cells (incomplete lining)

311
Q

What is the spleen and lymph node’s CT meshwork made of?

A

Reticular cells and reticulin fibers

312
Q

What are 3 functions of the spleen?

A

Disposal of old erythrocytes, hematopoiesis in the fetus, interaction of blood antigens and lymphocytes

313
Q

What is the order of blood flow from the splenic artery in the spleen? (5)

A
  • trabecular artery
  • central arteriole
  • penicilliform arteriole
  • Ellipsoid arteriole
  • Splenic sinus
314
Q

What are the 3 areas of the white pulp?

A
  1. PALS
  2. Malpighian follicles
  3. Marginal zone
315
Q

What is the periarteriolar lymph sheath? (3)

A
  • No germinal center
  • T lymphocyte dependant
  • Central aerteriole in central position
316
Q

What is a malpighian follicle?

A
  • B lymphocyte dependant
  • With germinal center and corona zone
  • Central arteriole is eccentric
317
Q

What is the marginal zone of the white pulp? (3)

A
  • zone between red and white pulp
  • B lymphocyte dependant
  • Contains marginal sinus
318
Q

What is the composition of the wall of the ellipsoid arterioles of the spleen? (2)

A

Endothelial cells and macrophages

319
Q

What is the composition of the wall of the splenic sinus?

A

Reticuloendothelial cells also known as STAVE CELLS.

320
Q

What are splenic cords of Bilroth?

A

The spaces between the sinusoids in the spleen

W/Anatomy final (8 decks)

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