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W/Anatomy final > Histology part 2 > Flashcards

Histology part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of glands are the labial glands?

A

Mixed seromucous, minor salivary gland

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2
Q

What is the name of the transitional part of the lips?

A

vermillion border

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3
Q

Which is the tongue papilla that has no taste buds?

A

filiform

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of cells that make up the taste buds? (+4th part)

A
  • Chemosensory cell / gustative cell : rod-like, pale
  • Supporting cell : darker
  • Basal cell : responsible for renewal
    + the taste pore at the surface
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5
Q

Which papillae are located at the dorsum of the tongue?

A

fungiform and filiform

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6
Q

What is the filiform papillae responsible for?

A

touch, temperature and pressure (sensed by lingual nerve)

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7
Q

Which glands can we find in the tongue? What type of gland is it? (coronal section)

A

Apical glands = nuhn blandi gland. Seromucous type of gland

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8
Q

What is aponeurosis linguae?

A

Deep part of lamina propria of tongue, between the tunica mucosa and the skeletal muscle under

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9
Q

Where can we find foliate papillae?

A

at the sides of the tongue near the root of the tongue

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10
Q

What is a characteristic of the foliate papilae?

A

double horn invaginations of the epithelium / mucosa, forming an “M”

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11
Q

What is the epithelium of the foliate papillae like?

A

SS non keratinized or slightly keratinized epithelium

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12
Q

What are the serous glands of the tongue? (more visible in monkey)

A

Von Ebner’s glands (near folliate papilae)

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13
Q

Where do Von Ebner’s glands open up?

A

into the interpapillary sulcus over the taste buds

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14
Q

Where are circumvalate papillae located?

A

Anterior to sulcus terminalis

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15
Q

What are the 3 parts of the tooth?

A

Crown, neck and root

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16
Q

What covers the crown and the root of the tooth?

A
  • Crown : enamel

- Root : cementum

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17
Q

What is enamel made of?

A

Hydroxyapatite prims arranged parallely, bound by interprismatic material

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18
Q

What is responsible for the lines of retzius?

A

The individual hydroxyapatite crystals that change direction during growth of enamel

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19
Q

What is cementum made of?

A

50% calcium and 50% organic material

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20
Q

What are the black parts of the cementum?

A

lacunae + canaliculi, appear black because it’s filled with air

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21
Q

What does the cementum contain?

A

osteocytes (cementocytes)

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22
Q

What is the role of the cementum?

A

anchors the periodontal ligament to the root of the tooth

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23
Q

What can we find under enamel and cementum?

A

dentine

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24
Q

What is dentine made of?

A

70% hydroxyapatite, 20% organic material 10% water

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25
Q

What are the lines of Owen in the dentin?

A

Analogs to the lines of Retzius : phases of calcification of dentin. Perpendicular to dental tubules.

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26
Q

What are the dentinal tubules?

A

tubules that extend from pulp chamber towards dentino-enamel junction, containing cytoplasmic processes of odontoblasts

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27
Q

What are Tomes’s fibers?

A

the odontogenic / odontoblastic processes inside the dentinal tubules

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28
Q

What is the outermost layer of the root dentine? Which layer is right under this one?

A

hyaline layer, sits on top of granular layer of Tomes

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29
Q

At which week does tooth development start?

A

At W6

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30
Q

Which tissues does the tooth develop from? (2)

A
  • ectoderm : enamel

- mesoderm : all other tissues (ecto-mesenchyme)

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31
Q

What are the 3 stages of tooth development?

A
  1. Bud stage
  2. Cap stage
  3. Bell stage
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32
Q

What is the tooth germ?

A

Enamel organ + dental papilla

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33
Q

What structure of the cap stage will give rise to cementum?

A

The ectomesenchymal cells of the dental sac

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34
Q

What type of epithelium is the outer enamel epithelium?

A

cuboidal

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35
Q

What type of epithelium is the inner enamel epithelium?

A

low columnar

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36
Q

What will the dental papilla give rise to?

A

Dentin + pulp

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37
Q

What happens to inner enamel epithelium in the bell stage?

A

The cells differentiate to ameloblasts / adamontoblasts (tall columnar)

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38
Q

What happens to the dental papilla in the bell stage?

A

Some cells differenciate to odontoblasts due to the influence of the inner enamel epithelium

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39
Q

What is the cervical loop in the bell stage and what does it form?

A

The meeting of inner and outer enamel epithelium, will form root sheath. Also called Hertwing’s epithelial root sheath

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40
Q

What type of gland is the sublingual gland?

A

Seromucous gland with predominating mucous acini

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41
Q

What do mucous acini synthesize?

A

glycoprotein : very developped golgi apparatus

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42
Q

What is the excretory duct of the sublingual gland?

A

Duct of Rivinus, which goes to duct of Wharton

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43
Q

What type of gland is the parotid gland?

A

exclusively serous

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44
Q

Why are serous acini strongly basophilic?

A

Due to the presence of RER (for proteins)

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45
Q

What type of gland is the submandibular gland?

A

Mixed serous and mucous (50/50)

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46
Q

What is the course of secretion in the ducts?

A

Secreting cell -> intercalated duct -> striated intralobular duct -> interlobar duct -> excretory duct

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47
Q

Where does the sublingual duct drain?

A

It joins the submandibular duct and drains in the sublingual caruncle

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48
Q

In which layer of the ovary are follicles located?

A

In the cortex

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49
Q

What can we find in the medullar of the ovary?

A

The large helicine arteries

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50
Q

What is the stroma of the cortex of the ovary?

A

Dense, highly cellular, thin collagenous CT stroma

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51
Q

What is tunica albuginea of the ovary and what does it do?

A

It is a simple columnar / cuboidal layer that encapsulates the ovaries

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52
Q

What type of epithelium is the mesovarium? What is it continuous with?

A

Squamous epithelium, continuous with the tunica albuginea

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53
Q

How long does it take for a follicle to completely develop?

A

85 days

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54
Q

When is the last growth period of a follicle?

A

It is in the follicular phase of the cycle (15 days)

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55
Q

What are the 3 layers of a primordial follicle?

A
  • Primary oocyte (stuck in prophase 1)
  • Follicular cells (simple squamous)
  • Thick basal lamina
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56
Q

What are the 3 layers of the primary follicle?

A
  • Larger primary oocyte
  • Zona pellucida
  • Zona granulosa : cuboidal follicular cells 1 or 2 layers)
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57
Q

What are the 7 parts of the secondary follicle?

A
  • Primary oocyte
  • ZP
  • Cumulus oophorus
  • Antrum
  • Corona radiata (granulosa columnar cells)
  • Theca interna
  • Theca externa
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58
Q

What type of cells are theca interna?

A

Endocrine secretory cells

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59
Q

What are the differences between a secondary follicle and a graafian / tertiary follicle?

A
  • Follicle and corona radiata flow freely in antrum
  • Larger antrum
  • Secondary oocyte
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60
Q

What is the secondary oocyte?

A

2N haploid stage, halted in metaphase II

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61
Q

What is corpus luteum made of?

A

Endocrine remains of collapsed follicle : granulosa lutein cells and theca lutein cells

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62
Q

What can be found in the center of corpus luteum?

A

corpus hemorrhagicum : blood clot from ruptured capillaries of theca interna

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63
Q

What does the corpus luteum produce?

A

progesterone mostly and a bit of estradiol

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64
Q

What is corpus albicaans?

A

Fatty degeneration of lutein cells when there is no fertilization, forming a scar-like tissue

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65
Q

What happens during follicular atresia?

A
  • Nucleus becomes pyknotic
  • Disorganisation of granulosa cells + invasion by macrophages and vascular elements
  • ZP thickens and forms hyaline substance / glassy membrane
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66
Q

What will happen to theca cells of atreic follicles?

A

persist in the stroma and produce steroid hormones

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67
Q

What is the epiphooron?

A

remnant of mesonephric tubule

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68
Q

What happens to the cytoplasm of granulosa and theca cells in corpus luteum?

A
  • lipid droplets appear

- contain yellowish lipochrome pigment (steroid producing cells are yellow)

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69
Q

Which cell type forms the main bulk of the corpus luteum?

A

granulosa lutein cells

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70
Q

How to differenciate granulosa and theca lutein cells?

A

granulosa lutein cells are about twice bigger

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71
Q

What happens to the central blood clot of corpus luteum?

A

It will transform into fibrous tissue

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72
Q

What are the 3 layers of the tubular wall of the uterine tube?

A
  1. Mucous membrane (tunica mucosa)
  2. Tunica muscularis externa
  3. Tunica serosa (mesosalpynx)
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73
Q

What is the epithelium of the uterine tube?

A

one layer of high columnar cells with kenocilia, and peg cells

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74
Q

What are peg cells of the uterine tube?

A

Columnar, non ciliated cells that are of secretory nature (nutrition)

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75
Q

Which layers are missing in the wall of the uterine tube?

A

lamina muscularis mucosae and tela submucosa

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76
Q

What are the layers of tunica muscularis externa of uterine tube?

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal

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77
Q

What is the lamina propria of the uterine tube made of?

A

loose CT with reticular fibers

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78
Q

What are the 4 differences between the isthmus and the ampulla of the uterine tube?

A

Isthmus has :

  • shorter and less branched folds
  • shorter columnar cells
  • thicker tunica muscularis layer
  • added inner longitudinal sm layer
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79
Q

What are the layers of the endometrium (2)?

A
  • Stratum functionale : compactum + spongiosum

- Stratum basale

80
Q

What are the layers of the myometrium? (4)

A
  • Submucosum
  • Vasculare
  • Supravasculare
  • Subserosum
81
Q

What is the lining epithelim of the uterus?

A

Simple columnar, with ciliated cells and secretory cells

82
Q

What is the stroma of the lamina propria of the uterus like?

A

Highly cellular CT, with fibroblasts, reticular fibers

83
Q

Which layer of the uterus conserved during menstruation?

A

Stratum basale

84
Q

Which arteries can we find in stratum functionale of the uterus?

A

spiral / coiled arteries

85
Q

Which glands can we find in the endometrium? What type of gland are they?

A

Uterine glands, simple tubular glands that extend from the endometrial-myometrial border to the mucosal surface

86
Q

Which arteries can we find in stratum basale?

A

Radial arteries, which give off basal arteries

87
Q

Which arteries can we find in the vascular layer of myometrium? Where do they come from?

A

Arcuate arteries, from ovarian and uterine arteries

88
Q

How are the spiral arteries in the proliferative phase?

A

moderately convoluted and don’t extend to the superficial third of lamina propria

89
Q

What happens during the secretory phase of the uterus? (5)

A
  • More ground substance in the stroma : endometrium becomes thicker
  • Proliferating glands become tortuous and sacculated
  • Glandular cells accumulate glycogen
  • Spiral arteries elongate and become more convoluted
  • Edema develops in the stroma
90
Q

What controls the proliferative phase of the uterus?

A

estrogen

91
Q

What are mitotic figures in the uterus and when are they seen?

A

Divisions in the uterine and glandular epithelium, seen in the proliferative phase

92
Q

What control the secretory phase of the uterus?

A

progesterone

93
Q

What are the 2 layers of stratum functionale?

A

Stratum compactum and stratum spongiosum, appear in secretory phase

94
Q

What is stratum compactum of uterus?

A

Below the epithelium, stromal cells here show decidual reactions : become swollen and accumulate glycogen and lipid

95
Q

What is stratum spongiosum of the uterus?

A

glands become more tortuous and dilated interglandular stroma is not present anymore

96
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterus?

A
  1. Menses (0-4)
  2. Proliferative (4-14)
  3. Secretory (14-28)
97
Q

What is tunica albubginea?

A

dense fibrous tissue encapsulating testicle

98
Q

What is mediastinum testis and septum testis?

A

radiations from tunica albuginea separating testis into lobules

99
Q

Which tubules do we find in testicular lobules?

A

Convoluted seminiferous tubules.

100
Q

What comes after the seminiferous tubules? (2)

A

straight seminiferous tubules, which anastomose into rete testis

101
Q

Which tubules run between rete testis and head of epididymis?

A

10-20 efferent tubules

102
Q

What lines the seminiferous tubules?

A

stratified seminiferous epithelium : spermatogenic cells and non spermatogenic cells

103
Q

What fills the interstitial space between the semineferous tubules?

A

loose CT with the multi-nucleolated cells of Leydig

104
Q

What do Leydig cells produce?

A

testosterone

105
Q

What are the myoid cells in the testis? Their role?

A

Peritubular contractile cells that produce collagen and elastic fibers

106
Q

What covers the testicular lobules on the internal surface of tunica albuginea?

A

tunica vasculosa : highly vascular loose CT

107
Q

What are the very first cells near the basement membrane of semineferous tubules?

A

type 1 dark spermatogonia : small diploid cells

108
Q

What do type 1 dark spermatogonia give rise to?

A

Either pale type A spermatogonia or another dark type A

109
Q

What do pale type A spermatogonia give rise to? What induces it?

A

Give rise to type B spermatogonia with the influence of testosterone

110
Q

What do type B spermatogonia give rise to and how?

A

Give rise to primary spermatocytes after replicating DNA (mitotic)

111
Q

What is the DNA content of primary spermatocytes?

A

diploid 4N

112
Q

What do primary spermatocytes give rise to and how?

A

To secondary spermatocytes by first meiotic reductional division

113
Q

What is the DNA content of secondary spermatocytes?

A

Haploid 2n

114
Q

What do secondary spermatocytes give rise to? How?

A

To spermatids though second meiotic division

115
Q

What is the DNA content of spermatids?

A

haploid 1N

116
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

Non-germinal tall columnar supporting cells with 1 or 2 nucleoli

117
Q

What are the functions of sertoli cells?

A

secretory functions :
- produce inhibin (inhibits FSH)
- secrete androgen binding protein
phagocytotic activity

118
Q

What forms the blood testis barrier?

A

Neighboring sertoli cells with desmosome like junctions : basal and luminal compartment

119
Q

What is the lining of the efferent ductules (testis)?

A

(Kino)ciliated tall columnar epithelium and shorter non-ciliated cells : uneven luminal surface

120
Q

What is the lining of the ductus epididymis?

A

very regular pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with principal cells and stem cells

121
Q

What are the 3 coverings of the seprmatic cord?

A
  • External spermatic fascia
  • Cremaster
  • Internal spermatic fascia
122
Q

What is the external spermatic fascia originating from

A

aponeurosis of external oblique

123
Q

What is the cremaster muscle originating from (2)

A

Tendinous origin : inguinal ligament

Muscular origin : internal oblique and transverse abdominus

124
Q

What does the internal spermatic fascia originate from?

A

transversalis fascia

125
Q

What are the 5 contents of the spermatic cord?

A
  • ductus deferens / vas deferens
  • arteries (testicular, deferential, cremasteric)
  • pampiniform plexus
  • lymphatic vessel
  • nerves (genital branch of genitofemoral, testicular plexus)
126
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the vas deferens?

A

simple columnar / pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia

127
Q

What are the 3 layers of tunica muscularis externa in vas deferens?

A

VERY THICK SM

  • Inner longitudinal
  • Intermediate circular
  • Outer longitudinal
128
Q

Which 2 arteries can we see on the slide of the vas deferens?

A

testicular artery and deferential artery

129
Q

What is special about the veins of the pampiniform plexus?

A

they have lots of longitudinal SM in their tunica media

130
Q

What is appendix testis?

A

remnant of Müllerian duct, attached to tunica vaginalis

131
Q

What are the 3 zones of the prostate

A

central zone, transitional zone, peripheral zone

132
Q

Which plexus can we find in the capsule of the prostate?

A

prostatic venous plexus

133
Q

Which glands can we find in the internal / central zone of the prostate?

A

mucosal and submucosal glands

134
Q

Which glands can we find in the peripheral zone of the prostate?

A

long, branches MAIN glands

135
Q

What is the glandular epithelium of the main glands of the prostate?

A

simple columnar

136
Q

What is the glandular epithelium of the mucosal glands of the prostate?

A

pseudostratified

137
Q

What is the mode of secretion of prostatic secretory cells

A

pseudoaprocine (technically merocrine)

138
Q

Where do prostatic ducts open?

A

into the prostatic urethra

139
Q

What lines the prostatic urethra?

A

urothelium but below ejaculatory ducts can have patches of pseudostrat / stratified columnar

140
Q

What is the stroma of the prostate made of?

A

dense CT with collagen and elastic fibers, and some smooth muscle strands

141
Q

What are prostatic concretions?

A

Corpora amylacea, oval colloid amyloid bodies : calcified glycoproteins in the alveolar lumina (comes with age)

142
Q

What is prostatic hypertrophy?

A

In aging men, CT and mucosal glands proliferate, which narrows the lumen of the urethra

143
Q

Where do carcinoma of the prostate most often appear? (70%)

A

in the peripheral zone

144
Q

What gland structure is seminal vesicle?

A

highly coiled tubular gland

145
Q

What are the 3 layers of the wall of the seminal vesicle?

A
  • inner mucosa
  • middle muscular
  • outer CT
146
Q

What are the modes of secretion of seminal vesicle glands?

A

Either merocrine or apocrine

147
Q

What is the epithelium of the seminal vesicle?

A

pseudostratified columnar or stratified columnar, with lipofuscin granules and secretory vacuoles in the apical part of the cells

148
Q

What is the composition of the secretory product of the seminal vesicle?

A

alkaline and protein rich (eosinophilic)

149
Q

What are examples of secretions of seminal vesicle cells? (3)

A
  • fructose
  • prostaglandins
  • endorphin
  • semenogelin (inhib sperm)
150
Q

Where does the sperm mature?

A

in the epididymal duct

151
Q

What is special about the lamina propria of the seminal vesicle?

A

It has mucosal folds, giving the glandular lumen a labyrinth-like appearence

152
Q

What is the epithelial covering on the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis

A

anterior 2/3 : SSNK

posterior 1/3 : pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

153
Q

What type of glands can we find in the lamina propria mucosae of the epiglottis?

A

seromucous glands

154
Q

What is special about the tela submucosa of the epiglottis?

A

It is merged with the perichondrium of the elastic cartilage

155
Q

What type of cartilage is in the epiglottis?

A

elastic cartilage

156
Q

What is rima vestibule?

A

space between vestibular folds (upper folds)

157
Q

What is the glottis?

A

Space between the vestibular folds cranially and the vocal folds caudally

158
Q

What is rima glottidis?

A

space between the vocal folds

159
Q

What are the spaces on the sides of the glottis?

A

Laryngeal ventricle, followed by laryngeal saccule

160
Q

What is the vocalis muscle closely associated with? (2)

A

vocal ligament and upper part of conus elasticus

161
Q

What is the lining in the larynx?

A

Everything is respiratory ep (pseudostratified ciliated columnar) except the vocal fold : SSNK

162
Q

How is the lamina propria of the larynx?

A
  • loose, cellular, highly vascular

- vocal fold : dense, less cellular, less vascular

163
Q

What type of glands can we find in the tela submucosa of the larynx?

A

sero-mucous glands

164
Q

Which part of the larynx does not have submucosa or glands?

A

vocal folds

165
Q

Where would the quadrangular membrane be located in the laryngeal slide?

A

beneath the mucosa of the laryngeal vestibule

166
Q

What is the innervation of the larynx?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve (vagus) : mucosa above the vocal folds and cricothyroid
Inferior laryngeal nerve : mucosa of larynx below vocal folds, upper trachea + all intrinsic muscles of the larynx

167
Q

What is the peritoneal relationship of the ureter?

A

Retroperitoneal

168
Q

What type of epithelium lines the ureter?

A

transitional epithelium / urothelium

169
Q

What is the lamina propria of the ureter made of?

A

thick elastic fibers that forms thin folds

170
Q

What is the order of muscles in the tunica muscularis externa of the ureter?

A

inner longitudinal and outer circular

171
Q

What is the tunica adventitia of the ureter made of?

A

loose CT with fibrocytes, collagen and elastic fiebrs longitudinally oriented + blood and lymphatic vessels

172
Q

What is the external lining on the ventral surface of the ureter?

A

tunica serosa : mesothelium of the parietal peritoneum

173
Q

What is the ureter and vessels embedded in?

A

retroperitoneal connective tissue

174
Q

What are 3 important features of the ureter?

A

No muscularis mucosae, no submucosa, no glands

175
Q

What is the difference between bronchi and bronchioli? (2)

A

smaller diameter and no glands or cartilage

176
Q

What is the course of the lung? (9)

A

trachea, main bronchus, secondary bronchus, segmental bronchus, bronchioli, terminal bronchioli, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac

177
Q

What type of cartilage is around the bronchi?

A

hyaline

178
Q

What type of glands are found in the adventitia of the bronchi?

A

seromucous glands

179
Q

What is the lining epithelium of bronchi?

A

respiratory (pseudostratified ciliated columnar)

180
Q

What is the lining epithelium of bonchioli?

A

simple ciliated columnar

181
Q

Where is the smooth muscle wall the largest in the respiratory tract?

A

in the bronchiolar wall

182
Q

What is the lining epithelium of the respiratory bonchiole?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

183
Q

How is the wall of the respiratory bronchiole? (2)

A
  • Contains some single alveoli

- Contains 1 sm cell

184
Q

What does the epithelium of the alveolar sac consist of?

A

type 1 pneumocyte : simple squamous alveolar epithelial cell

type 2 pneumocyte : round alveolar epithelial cell

185
Q

What is special about type 1 pneumocytes?

A

their basement membrane is fused with that of capillary endothelial cells

186
Q

Which pneumocytes secrete surfactant?

A

type 2

187
Q

What forms the blood air barrier?

A

basement membrane of capillary bed fused with basement membrane of alveolar epithelium

188
Q

What is the intra-alveolar septum?

A

the space between walls of adjacent alveoli. Contains collagen, elastic fibers

189
Q

What are dust cells in the lungs? Where are they located?

A

alveolar macrophages, located in the intra-alveolar septum OR on the luminal surface of pneumocytes

190
Q

What are alveolar macrophages derived from?

A

From blood monocytes

191
Q

How are alveolar macrophages so easy to see?

A

Because the carbon and dust particles stain them dark

192
Q

At what phase in the fetal lung in the slide?

A

early alveolar phase : seven months old

193
Q

Why is it hard to recognize the fetal lung?

A

because the alveoli are not distended due to the presence of amniotic fluid within the lung

194
Q

What is special about the fetal segmental pulmonary artery?

A

it has a very thick muscular wall due to the high pulmonary arterial pressure

195
Q

When does production of surfactant begin?

A

In the 7th month of gestation

W/Anatomy final (8 decks)

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