Histology part 2 Flashcards
What type of glands are the labial glands?
Mixed seromucous, minor salivary gland
What is the name of the transitional part of the lips?
vermillion border
Which is the tongue papilla that has no taste buds?
filiform
What are the 3 types of cells that make up the taste buds? (+4th part)
- Chemosensory cell / gustative cell : rod-like, pale
- Supporting cell : darker
- Basal cell : responsible for renewal
+ the taste pore at the surface
Which papillae are located at the dorsum of the tongue?
fungiform and filiform
What is the filiform papillae responsible for?
touch, temperature and pressure (sensed by lingual nerve)
Which glands can we find in the tongue? What type of gland is it? (coronal section)
Apical glands = nuhn blandi gland. Seromucous type of gland
What is aponeurosis linguae?
Deep part of lamina propria of tongue, between the tunica mucosa and the skeletal muscle under
Where can we find foliate papillae?
at the sides of the tongue near the root of the tongue
What is a characteristic of the foliate papilae?
double horn invaginations of the epithelium / mucosa, forming an “M”
What is the epithelium of the foliate papillae like?
SS non keratinized or slightly keratinized epithelium
What are the serous glands of the tongue? (more visible in monkey)
Von Ebner’s glands (near folliate papilae)
Where do Von Ebner’s glands open up?
into the interpapillary sulcus over the taste buds
Where are circumvalate papillae located?
Anterior to sulcus terminalis
What are the 3 parts of the tooth?
Crown, neck and root
What covers the crown and the root of the tooth?
- Crown : enamel
- Root : cementum
What is enamel made of?
Hydroxyapatite prims arranged parallely, bound by interprismatic material
What is responsible for the lines of retzius?
The individual hydroxyapatite crystals that change direction during growth of enamel
What is cementum made of?
50% calcium and 50% organic material
What are the black parts of the cementum?
lacunae + canaliculi, appear black because it’s filled with air
What does the cementum contain?
osteocytes (cementocytes)
What is the role of the cementum?
anchors the periodontal ligament to the root of the tooth
What can we find under enamel and cementum?
dentine
What is dentine made of?
70% hydroxyapatite, 20% organic material 10% water
What are the lines of Owen in the dentin?
Analogs to the lines of Retzius : phases of calcification of dentin. Perpendicular to dental tubules.
What are the dentinal tubules?
tubules that extend from pulp chamber towards dentino-enamel junction, containing cytoplasmic processes of odontoblasts
What are Tomes’s fibers?
the odontogenic / odontoblastic processes inside the dentinal tubules
What is the outermost layer of the root dentine? Which layer is right under this one?
hyaline layer, sits on top of granular layer of Tomes
At which week does tooth development start?
At W6
Which tissues does the tooth develop from? (2)
- ectoderm : enamel
- mesoderm : all other tissues (ecto-mesenchyme)
What are the 3 stages of tooth development?
- Bud stage
- Cap stage
- Bell stage
What is the tooth germ?
Enamel organ + dental papilla
What structure of the cap stage will give rise to cementum?
The ectomesenchymal cells of the dental sac
What type of epithelium is the outer enamel epithelium?
cuboidal
What type of epithelium is the inner enamel epithelium?
low columnar
What will the dental papilla give rise to?
Dentin + pulp
What happens to inner enamel epithelium in the bell stage?
The cells differentiate to ameloblasts / adamontoblasts (tall columnar)
What happens to the dental papilla in the bell stage?
Some cells differenciate to odontoblasts due to the influence of the inner enamel epithelium
What is the cervical loop in the bell stage and what does it form?
The meeting of inner and outer enamel epithelium, will form root sheath. Also called Hertwing’s epithelial root sheath
What type of gland is the sublingual gland?
Seromucous gland with predominating mucous acini
What do mucous acini synthesize?
glycoprotein : very developped golgi apparatus
What is the excretory duct of the sublingual gland?
Duct of Rivinus, which goes to duct of Wharton
What type of gland is the parotid gland?
exclusively serous
Why are serous acini strongly basophilic?
Due to the presence of RER (for proteins)
What type of gland is the submandibular gland?
Mixed serous and mucous (50/50)
What is the course of secretion in the ducts?
Secreting cell -> intercalated duct -> striated intralobular duct -> interlobar duct -> excretory duct
Where does the sublingual duct drain?
It joins the submandibular duct and drains in the sublingual caruncle
In which layer of the ovary are follicles located?
In the cortex
What can we find in the medullar of the ovary?
The large helicine arteries
What is the stroma of the cortex of the ovary?
Dense, highly cellular, thin collagenous CT stroma
What is tunica albuginea of the ovary and what does it do?
It is a simple columnar / cuboidal layer that encapsulates the ovaries
What type of epithelium is the mesovarium? What is it continuous with?
Squamous epithelium, continuous with the tunica albuginea
How long does it take for a follicle to completely develop?
85 days
When is the last growth period of a follicle?
It is in the follicular phase of the cycle (15 days)
What are the 3 layers of a primordial follicle?
- Primary oocyte (stuck in prophase 1)
- Follicular cells (simple squamous)
- Thick basal lamina
What are the 3 layers of the primary follicle?
- Larger primary oocyte
- Zona pellucida
- Zona granulosa : cuboidal follicular cells 1 or 2 layers)
What are the 7 parts of the secondary follicle?
- Primary oocyte
- ZP
- Cumulus oophorus
- Antrum
- Corona radiata (granulosa columnar cells)
- Theca interna
- Theca externa
What type of cells are theca interna?
Endocrine secretory cells
What are the differences between a secondary follicle and a graafian / tertiary follicle?
- Follicle and corona radiata flow freely in antrum
- Larger antrum
- Secondary oocyte
What is the secondary oocyte?
2N haploid stage, halted in metaphase II
What is corpus luteum made of?
Endocrine remains of collapsed follicle : granulosa lutein cells and theca lutein cells
What can be found in the center of corpus luteum?
corpus hemorrhagicum : blood clot from ruptured capillaries of theca interna
What does the corpus luteum produce?
progesterone mostly and a bit of estradiol
What is corpus albicaans?
Fatty degeneration of lutein cells when there is no fertilization, forming a scar-like tissue
What happens during follicular atresia?
- Nucleus becomes pyknotic
- Disorganisation of granulosa cells + invasion by macrophages and vascular elements
- ZP thickens and forms hyaline substance / glassy membrane
What will happen to theca cells of atreic follicles?
persist in the stroma and produce steroid hormones
What is the epiphooron?
remnant of mesonephric tubule
What happens to the cytoplasm of granulosa and theca cells in corpus luteum?
- lipid droplets appear
- contain yellowish lipochrome pigment (steroid producing cells are yellow)
Which cell type forms the main bulk of the corpus luteum?
granulosa lutein cells
How to differenciate granulosa and theca lutein cells?
granulosa lutein cells are about twice bigger
What happens to the central blood clot of corpus luteum?
It will transform into fibrous tissue
What are the 3 layers of the tubular wall of the uterine tube?
- Mucous membrane (tunica mucosa)
- Tunica muscularis externa
- Tunica serosa (mesosalpynx)
What is the epithelium of the uterine tube?
one layer of high columnar cells with kenocilia, and peg cells
What are peg cells of the uterine tube?
Columnar, non ciliated cells that are of secretory nature (nutrition)
Which layers are missing in the wall of the uterine tube?
lamina muscularis mucosae and tela submucosa
What are the layers of tunica muscularis externa of uterine tube?
inner circular and outer longitudinal
What is the lamina propria of the uterine tube made of?
loose CT with reticular fibers
What are the 4 differences between the isthmus and the ampulla of the uterine tube?
Isthmus has :
- shorter and less branched folds
- shorter columnar cells
- thicker tunica muscularis layer
- added inner longitudinal sm layer
What are the layers of the endometrium (2)?
- Stratum functionale : compactum + spongiosum
- Stratum basale
What are the layers of the myometrium? (4)
- Submucosum
- Vasculare
- Supravasculare
- Subserosum
What is the lining epithelim of the uterus?
Simple columnar, with ciliated cells and secretory cells
What is the stroma of the lamina propria of the uterus like?
Highly cellular CT, with fibroblasts, reticular fibers
Which layer of the uterus conserved during menstruation?
Stratum basale
Which arteries can we find in stratum functionale of the uterus?
spiral / coiled arteries
Which glands can we find in the endometrium? What type of gland are they?
Uterine glands, simple tubular glands that extend from the endometrial-myometrial border to the mucosal surface
Which arteries can we find in stratum basale?
Radial arteries, which give off basal arteries
Which arteries can we find in the vascular layer of myometrium? Where do they come from?
Arcuate arteries, from ovarian and uterine arteries
How are the spiral arteries in the proliferative phase?
moderately convoluted and don’t extend to the superficial third of lamina propria
What happens during the secretory phase of the uterus? (5)
- More ground substance in the stroma : endometrium becomes thicker
- Proliferating glands become tortuous and sacculated
- Glandular cells accumulate glycogen
- Spiral arteries elongate and become more convoluted
- Edema develops in the stroma
What controls the proliferative phase of the uterus?
estrogen
What are mitotic figures in the uterus and when are they seen?
Divisions in the uterine and glandular epithelium, seen in the proliferative phase
What control the secretory phase of the uterus?
progesterone
What are the 2 layers of stratum functionale?
Stratum compactum and stratum spongiosum, appear in secretory phase
What is stratum compactum of uterus?
Below the epithelium, stromal cells here show decidual reactions : become swollen and accumulate glycogen and lipid
What is stratum spongiosum of the uterus?
glands become more tortuous and dilated interglandular stroma is not present anymore
What are the 3 phases of the uterus?
- Menses (0-4)
- Proliferative (4-14)
- Secretory (14-28)
What is tunica albubginea?
dense fibrous tissue encapsulating testicle
What is mediastinum testis and septum testis?
radiations from tunica albuginea separating testis into lobules
Which tubules do we find in testicular lobules?
Convoluted seminiferous tubules.
What comes after the seminiferous tubules? (2)
straight seminiferous tubules, which anastomose into rete testis
Which tubules run between rete testis and head of epididymis?
10-20 efferent tubules
What lines the seminiferous tubules?
stratified seminiferous epithelium : spermatogenic cells and non spermatogenic cells
What fills the interstitial space between the semineferous tubules?
loose CT with the multi-nucleolated cells of Leydig
What do Leydig cells produce?
testosterone
What are the myoid cells in the testis? Their role?
Peritubular contractile cells that produce collagen and elastic fibers
What covers the testicular lobules on the internal surface of tunica albuginea?
tunica vasculosa : highly vascular loose CT
What are the very first cells near the basement membrane of semineferous tubules?
type 1 dark spermatogonia : small diploid cells
What do type 1 dark spermatogonia give rise to?
Either pale type A spermatogonia or another dark type A
What do pale type A spermatogonia give rise to? What induces it?
Give rise to type B spermatogonia with the influence of testosterone
What do type B spermatogonia give rise to and how?
Give rise to primary spermatocytes after replicating DNA (mitotic)
What is the DNA content of primary spermatocytes?
diploid 4N
What do primary spermatocytes give rise to and how?
To secondary spermatocytes by first meiotic reductional division
What is the DNA content of secondary spermatocytes?
Haploid 2n
What do secondary spermatocytes give rise to? How?
To spermatids though second meiotic division
What is the DNA content of spermatids?
haploid 1N
What are sertoli cells?
Non-germinal tall columnar supporting cells with 1 or 2 nucleoli
What are the functions of sertoli cells?
secretory functions :
- produce inhibin (inhibits FSH)
- secrete androgen binding protein
phagocytotic activity
What forms the blood testis barrier?
Neighboring sertoli cells with desmosome like junctions : basal and luminal compartment
What is the lining of the efferent ductules (testis)?
(Kino)ciliated tall columnar epithelium and shorter non-ciliated cells : uneven luminal surface
What is the lining of the ductus epididymis?
very regular pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with principal cells and stem cells
What are the 3 coverings of the seprmatic cord?
- External spermatic fascia
- Cremaster
- Internal spermatic fascia
What is the external spermatic fascia originating from
aponeurosis of external oblique
What is the cremaster muscle originating from (2)
Tendinous origin : inguinal ligament
Muscular origin : internal oblique and transverse abdominus
What does the internal spermatic fascia originate from?
transversalis fascia
What are the 5 contents of the spermatic cord?
- ductus deferens / vas deferens
- arteries (testicular, deferential, cremasteric)
- pampiniform plexus
- lymphatic vessel
- nerves (genital branch of genitofemoral, testicular plexus)
What is the epithelial lining of the vas deferens?
simple columnar / pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia
What are the 3 layers of tunica muscularis externa in vas deferens?
VERY THICK SM
- Inner longitudinal
- Intermediate circular
- Outer longitudinal
Which 2 arteries can we see on the slide of the vas deferens?
testicular artery and deferential artery
What is special about the veins of the pampiniform plexus?
they have lots of longitudinal SM in their tunica media
What is appendix testis?
remnant of Müllerian duct, attached to tunica vaginalis
What are the 3 zones of the prostate
central zone, transitional zone, peripheral zone
Which plexus can we find in the capsule of the prostate?
prostatic venous plexus
Which glands can we find in the internal / central zone of the prostate?
mucosal and submucosal glands
Which glands can we find in the peripheral zone of the prostate?
long, branches MAIN glands
What is the glandular epithelium of the main glands of the prostate?
simple columnar
What is the glandular epithelium of the mucosal glands of the prostate?
pseudostratified
What is the mode of secretion of prostatic secretory cells
pseudoaprocine (technically merocrine)
Where do prostatic ducts open?
into the prostatic urethra
What lines the prostatic urethra?
urothelium but below ejaculatory ducts can have patches of pseudostrat / stratified columnar
What is the stroma of the prostate made of?
dense CT with collagen and elastic fibers, and some smooth muscle strands
What are prostatic concretions?
Corpora amylacea, oval colloid amyloid bodies : calcified glycoproteins in the alveolar lumina (comes with age)
What is prostatic hypertrophy?
In aging men, CT and mucosal glands proliferate, which narrows the lumen of the urethra
Where do carcinoma of the prostate most often appear? (70%)
in the peripheral zone
What gland structure is seminal vesicle?
highly coiled tubular gland
What are the 3 layers of the wall of the seminal vesicle?
- inner mucosa
- middle muscular
- outer CT
What are the modes of secretion of seminal vesicle glands?
Either merocrine or apocrine
What is the epithelium of the seminal vesicle?
pseudostratified columnar or stratified columnar, with lipofuscin granules and secretory vacuoles in the apical part of the cells
What is the composition of the secretory product of the seminal vesicle?
alkaline and protein rich (eosinophilic)
What are examples of secretions of seminal vesicle cells? (3)
- fructose
- prostaglandins
- endorphin
- semenogelin (inhib sperm)
Where does the sperm mature?
in the epididymal duct
What is special about the lamina propria of the seminal vesicle?
It has mucosal folds, giving the glandular lumen a labyrinth-like appearence
What is the epithelial covering on the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis
anterior 2/3 : SSNK
posterior 1/3 : pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
What type of glands can we find in the lamina propria mucosae of the epiglottis?
seromucous glands
What is special about the tela submucosa of the epiglottis?
It is merged with the perichondrium of the elastic cartilage
What type of cartilage is in the epiglottis?
elastic cartilage
What is rima vestibule?
space between vestibular folds (upper folds)
What is the glottis?
Space between the vestibular folds cranially and the vocal folds caudally
What is rima glottidis?
space between the vocal folds
What are the spaces on the sides of the glottis?
Laryngeal ventricle, followed by laryngeal saccule
What is the vocalis muscle closely associated with? (2)
vocal ligament and upper part of conus elasticus
What is the lining in the larynx?
Everything is respiratory ep (pseudostratified ciliated columnar) except the vocal fold : SSNK
How is the lamina propria of the larynx?
- loose, cellular, highly vascular
- vocal fold : dense, less cellular, less vascular
What type of glands can we find in the tela submucosa of the larynx?
sero-mucous glands
Which part of the larynx does not have submucosa or glands?
vocal folds
Where would the quadrangular membrane be located in the laryngeal slide?
beneath the mucosa of the laryngeal vestibule
What is the innervation of the larynx?
Superior laryngeal nerve (vagus) : mucosa above the vocal folds and cricothyroid
Inferior laryngeal nerve : mucosa of larynx below vocal folds, upper trachea + all intrinsic muscles of the larynx
What is the peritoneal relationship of the ureter?
Retroperitoneal
What type of epithelium lines the ureter?
transitional epithelium / urothelium
What is the lamina propria of the ureter made of?
thick elastic fibers that forms thin folds
What is the order of muscles in the tunica muscularis externa of the ureter?
inner longitudinal and outer circular
What is the tunica adventitia of the ureter made of?
loose CT with fibrocytes, collagen and elastic fiebrs longitudinally oriented + blood and lymphatic vessels
What is the external lining on the ventral surface of the ureter?
tunica serosa : mesothelium of the parietal peritoneum
What is the ureter and vessels embedded in?
retroperitoneal connective tissue
What are 3 important features of the ureter?
No muscularis mucosae, no submucosa, no glands
What is the difference between bronchi and bronchioli? (2)
smaller diameter and no glands or cartilage
What is the course of the lung? (9)
trachea, main bronchus, secondary bronchus, segmental bronchus, bronchioli, terminal bronchioli, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac
What type of cartilage is around the bronchi?
hyaline
What type of glands are found in the adventitia of the bronchi?
seromucous glands
What is the lining epithelium of bronchi?
respiratory (pseudostratified ciliated columnar)
What is the lining epithelium of bonchioli?
simple ciliated columnar
Where is the smooth muscle wall the largest in the respiratory tract?
in the bronchiolar wall
What is the lining epithelium of the respiratory bonchiole?
simple cuboidal epithelium
How is the wall of the respiratory bronchiole? (2)
- Contains some single alveoli
- Contains 1 sm cell
What does the epithelium of the alveolar sac consist of?
type 1 pneumocyte : simple squamous alveolar epithelial cell
type 2 pneumocyte : round alveolar epithelial cell
What is special about type 1 pneumocytes?
their basement membrane is fused with that of capillary endothelial cells
Which pneumocytes secrete surfactant?
type 2
What forms the blood air barrier?
basement membrane of capillary bed fused with basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
What is the intra-alveolar septum?
the space between walls of adjacent alveoli. Contains collagen, elastic fibers
What are dust cells in the lungs? Where are they located?
alveolar macrophages, located in the intra-alveolar septum OR on the luminal surface of pneumocytes
What are alveolar macrophages derived from?
From blood monocytes
How are alveolar macrophages so easy to see?
Because the carbon and dust particles stain them dark
At what phase in the fetal lung in the slide?
early alveolar phase : seven months old
Why is it hard to recognize the fetal lung?
because the alveoli are not distended due to the presence of amniotic fluid within the lung
What is special about the fetal segmental pulmonary artery?
it has a very thick muscular wall due to the high pulmonary arterial pressure
When does production of surfactant begin?
In the 7th month of gestation
