the frontal lobes (e3)

Question 1

the frontal lobes

Answer 1

primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex

Question 2

anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 2

• near the corpus collosum
• von economo neurons (spindle neurons) - empathy, socialization

Question 3

dorsal (posterior) ACC

Answer 3

• connections with motor, prefrontal cortex, premotor, and insula
• important for cognitive control, attention, and consciousness

Question 4

ventral (anterior) ACC

Answer 4

• default mode network and memory areas
• important for self-referential thinking, emotion
• studied in relation to psychological disorders (area 25)

Question 5

DBS of area 25

Answer 5

• area 25 is overactive in people DBS is used in (this is weird because why does stimulation work? possibly resets it)
• too much area 25 can lead to depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar, etc.
• used in most severe cases of depression and anxiety

Question 6

prefrontal cortex

Answer 6

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, ventrolateral, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (ventral ACC)

Question 7

frontal lobe lesions

Answer 7

• loss of behavioral spontaneity (i.e., spontaneous speech)
• rule breaking and risk taking (OFC and ACC) ~ children, dementia
• preservation and response inhibition (DLPFC)
• problems to develop novel cognitive plans or strategies
• associative learning: problems learning from experience (DLPFC)
• problems with temporal memory (DLPFC)
• social and sexual behavior (OFC lesions may introduce abnormal sexual behavior, DLPFC lesions appear to reduce interest in sexual behavior)
• psuedodepression
• psuedopsychopathy
• phineas gage

Question 8

disturbances of motor functions

Answer 8

• loss of the ability to make fine movements after primary motor cortex
• damage of premotor area can lead to problems with motor programming
• voluntary gaze because of damage to FEF (premotor cortex)
• problems with corollary discharge
• broca’s aphasia