memory

Question 1

is working memory short or long term

Answer 1

short term

Question 2

how many working memory systems are there

Answer 2

2 - spatial and object memory

Question 3

dorsal stream enables vision for ____

Answer 3

action

Question 4

ventral stream enables vision for ______

Answer 4

perception

Question 5

episodic memory

Answer 5

memory of life experiences centered on the person themselves
- i.e., remembering what you did yesterday

Question 6

semantic memory

Answer 6

knowledge about the world - nonautobiographical knowledge
- i.e., ability to recognize family, friends, info learned in school, etc.

Question 7

neural substrates

Answer 7

temporal-frontal lobes

Question 8

procedural memory

Answer 8

knowing how; muscle memory
- i.e., riding a bike

Question 9

priming

Answer 9

changes in perception and belief caused by previous experience
- i.e., stereotypes, seeing road signs

Question 10

perceptual learning

Answer 10

recalibration of perceptual systems as a result of experience
- i.e., like everything we learned with columns in class

Question 11

classical conditioning

Answer 11

learning about associations among stimuli
- i.e., Pavlovs dog

Question 13

examples of neural substrates

Answer 13

ventral stream
temporal lobe: hippocampus and rhinal cortex
acetylcholine! serotonin, noradrenaline

Question 14

long-term memory and hippocampus

Answer 14

explicit memory, especially episodic

Question 15

spatial memory

Answer 15

morris water maze; hippocampus as spatial map; london taxi drivers - hippocampus activates more when they answer to spatial questions

Question 16

contextual memory

Answer 16

the hippocampus brings together representations from various locations and reconstructs the context

Question 17

late lesions of hippocampus (memory is affected, amnesia)

Answer 17

hippocampus is important in retaining memory after learning, and adjacent cortices may be responsible for memory extending farther back in time

Question 18

people with early hippocampal damage (learning is affected)

Answer 18

these patients would be unable to learn new words, unable to socialize, unable to recognize other people, and unable to develop problem-solving

Question 19

differences between rhinal cortex, more important for…

Answer 19

object recognition, further involved in contextual knowledge

Question 20

long-term implicit memory

Answer 20

fear conditioning and procedural learning

Question 21

fear conditioning happens where

Answer 21

amygdala

Question 22

fear conditioning

Answer 22

damage to amygdala abolishes emotional memory but has little effect on other types of implicit or explicit memory

Question 23

procedural learning happens where

Answer 23

basal ganglia

Question 24

people with parkinsons disease may have problems with this type of learning

Answer 24

procedural learning

Question 25

basal ganglia

Answer 25

striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra

Question 26

reinforcement based teaching (trial and error) happens where

Answer 26

basal ganglia

Question 27

what type of learning is less flexible

Answer 27

procedural learning

Question 28

prefrontal cortex

Answer 28

it is more flexible, switching responses

Question 29

long term potentiation

Answer 29

has to do with AMPA and NMDA

Question 30

glutamate receptors ‘

Answer 30

AMPA and NMDA

Question 31

NMDA receptors are blocked by what

Answer 31

magnesium positive ions

Question 32

when do NMDA receptors open

Answer 32

after depolarization

Question 33

When calcium and sodium enter through NMDA channels, it will release what protein

Answer 33

CREB

Question 34

where does the protein CREB go

Answer 34

nucleus to alter genes (and gene expression)

Question 35

how long can effects of protein CREB last

Answer 35

months or years

Question 36

effects from protein CREB are modulated by what

Answer 36

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

Question 37

repeated activation will lead to action potentials that back-propogate into dendrite and release what

Answer 37

BDNF

Question 38

BDNF can increase what receptor

Answer 38

NMDA

Question 39

anterograde amnesia

Answer 39

disruption of memory for experiences after the onset of amnesia

Question 40

retrograde amnesia

Answer 40

disrupt memory for things learned prior to the event that initiated the amnesia

Question 41

time-dependent retrograde amnesia

Answer 41

Injury severity determines how far back in time the amnesia extends. People usually start remembering with the passage of time and they only end up with an amnesia of a few seconds to minutes for events preceding the injury

Question 42

Henry Molaison (HM)

Answer 42

they removed his hippocampus and part of the amygdala to end his epilepsy

Question 43

what amnesia did HM suffer from

Answer 43

anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Question 44

HM had severe impairment of what memory

Answer 44

episodic (couldn’t describe any event that happened after the surgery)

Question 45

people with amnesia are just as impaired in _____ as they are at describing the past

Answer 45

imagining the future

Question 46

impairment in imagining the future and describing the past is a function of what

Answer 46

episodic memory

Question 47

HM was better at ____ than ____ memory

Answer 47

implicit, explicit

Question 48

news studies on low BDNF show a relation to what mental disorder

Answer 48

depression

Question 49

HM had an intact _____, but as soon as he was distracted, the memory was gone within seconds

Answer 49

working memory

Question 50

HM working memory leaving was due to

Answer 50

impaired storage of long-term memory (he was 27 for the rest of his life)

Question 51

HM had intact _____ memory (videogames)

Answer 51

procedural