memory Flashcards
is working memory short or long term
short term
how many working memory systems are there
2 - spatial and object memory
dorsal stream enables vision for ____
action
ventral stream enables vision for ______
perception
episodic memory
memory of life experiences centered on the person themselves
- i.e., remembering what you did yesterday
semantic memory
knowledge about the world - nonautobiographical knowledge
- i.e., ability to recognize family, friends, info learned in school, etc.
neural substrates
temporal-frontal lobes
procedural memory
knowing how; muscle memory
- i.e., riding a bike
priming
changes in perception and belief caused by previous experience
- i.e., stereotypes, seeing road signs
perceptual learning
recalibration of perceptual systems as a result of experience
- i.e., like everything we learned with columns in class
classical conditioning
learning about associations among stimuli
- i.e., Pavlovs dog
examples of neural substrates
ventral stream
temporal lobe: hippocampus and rhinal cortex
acetylcholine! serotonin, noradrenaline
long-term memory and hippocampus
explicit memory, especially episodic
spatial memory
morris water maze; hippocampus as spatial map; london taxi drivers - hippocampus activates more when they answer to spatial questions
contextual memory
the hippocampus brings together representations from various locations and reconstructs the context
late lesions of hippocampus (memory is affected, amnesia)
hippocampus is important in retaining memory after learning, and adjacent cortices may be responsible for memory extending farther back in time
people with early hippocampal damage (learning is affected)
these patients would be unable to learn new words, unable to socialize, unable to recognize other people, and unable to develop problem-solving
differences between rhinal cortex, more important for…
object recognition, further involved in contextual knowledge
long-term implicit memory
fear conditioning and procedural learning
fear conditioning happens where
amygdala
fear conditioning
damage to amygdala abolishes emotional memory but has little effect on other types of implicit or explicit memory
procedural learning happens where
basal ganglia
people with parkinsons disease may have problems with this type of learning
procedural learning
basal ganglia
striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra
reinforcement based teaching (trial and error) happens where
basal ganglia
what type of learning is less flexible
procedural learning
prefrontal cortex
it is more flexible, switching responses
long term potentiation
has to do with AMPA and NMDA
glutamate receptors ‘
AMPA and NMDA
NMDA receptors are blocked by what
magnesium positive ions
when do NMDA receptors open
after depolarization
When calcium and sodium enter through NMDA channels, it will release what protein
CREB
where does the protein CREB go
nucleus to alter genes (and gene expression)
how long can effects of protein CREB last
months or years
effects from protein CREB are modulated by what
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
repeated activation will lead to action potentials that back-propogate into dendrite and release what
BDNF
BDNF can increase what receptor
NMDA
anterograde amnesia
disruption of memory for experiences after the onset of amnesia
retrograde amnesia
disrupt memory for things learned prior to the event that initiated the amnesia
time-dependent retrograde amnesia
Injury severity determines how far back in time the amnesia extends. People usually start remembering with the passage of time and they only end up with an amnesia of a few seconds to minutes for events preceding the injury
Henry Molaison (HM)
they removed his hippocampus and part of the amygdala to end his epilepsy
what amnesia did HM suffer from
anterograde and retrograde amnesia
HM had severe impairment of what memory
episodic (couldn’t describe any event that happened after the surgery)
people with amnesia are just as impaired in _____ as they are at describing the past
imagining the future
impairment in imagining the future and describing the past is a function of what
episodic memory
HM was better at ____ than ____ memory
implicit, explicit
news studies on low BDNF show a relation to what mental disorder
depression
HM had an intact _____, but as soon as he was distracted, the memory was gone within seconds
working memory
HM working memory leaving was due to
impaired storage of long-term memory (he was 27 for the rest of his life)
HM had intact _____ memory (videogames)
procedural
