evolution, development, and brain organization (e2)

Question 1

maturation of vertebrate brain processes

Answer 1

proliferation
overproliferation
reduced proliferation
migration
differentiation
myelination
synaptogenesis

Question 2

proliferation (neurogenesis)

Answer 2

production of new cells/neurons in the brain
28 weeks gestations, stops when born
hippocampus does it throughout life

Question 3

overproliferation

Answer 3

megalocephaly - big brain - correlated with autism

Question 4

reduced proliferation

Answer 4

microencephaly

Question 5

migration

Answer 5

chemicals guide neuron migration, guides neurons to where they should be
happens until adulthood
deficit in chemicals leads to decreased brain size and axon growth
environmental factors during pregnancy can contribute

Question 6

differentiation

Answer 6

cell changes into specialized type of neuron
axons and dendrites form, axons form first
dendrites form after migration when neurons reach their destinations

Question 7

neurons are called _____ neurons before specialization

Answer 7

primitive

Question 8

myelination

Answer 8

continues gradually through adolescence to adulthood
impaired adulthood myelination in the prefrontal cortex in socially isolated mice

Question 9

synaptogenesis

Answer 9

neurons form new synapses and discard old ones
synaptic pruning

Question 10

synaptic pruning

Answer 10

gets rid of unneeded connections and keeps strong ones
more synaptic pruning in older and schizophrenia people
too little pruning can be seen in autistic people –> neurons are hyperactive

Question 11

a stimulating environment…

Answer 11

enhances sprouting of axons and dendrites in many species

Question 12

physical activity is one of the best ways to…

Answer 12

main intellectual vigor in old age

Question 13

physical activity (aerobic activity) enhances…

Answer 13

both cognitive processes and brain anatomy

Question 14

prolonged experience of a particular type…

Answer 14

enhances the brain’s ability to perform the same function again, specifically if it starts in childhood

Question 15

blind people use ____ to help identify what they feel

Answer 15

occipital cortex

Question 16

practicing music

Answer 16

recognizes the brain to maximize performance of that skill

Question 17

spinal cord reflexes

Answer 17

communicates with sense organs and muscles

Question 18

each segment of the spinal cord…

Answer 18

sends sensory information to the brain and receives motor commands

Question 19

hindbrain

Answer 19

postural support

Question 20

parts of the hindbrain

Answer 20

pons, medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum

Question 21

disconnection of hindbrain from the rest of the brain leads to

Answer 21

vegetative state

Question 22

midbrain

Answer 22

spontaneous and operant movement
reaction to a stimulant, not a motivated behavior

Question 23

superior (vision) and inferior (hearing) colliculus are responsible for

Answer 23

attack response to moving objects

Question 24

diencephalon

Answer 24

thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary glands

Question 25

hypothalamus

Answer 25

important for motivated behavior; thermoregulation; 4 Fs - fight, flight, feed, fornicate

Question 26

pituitary glands

Answer 26

hormones

Question 27

basal ganglia

Answer 27

self-maintenance
simple sequences of movement
behaviors more biologically adaptive
animals learn how to feed themselves

Question 28

animals can learn WITHOUT a…

Answer 28

cortex

Question 29

cortex

Answer 29

more past and future, more proactive
skilled movement and sequences (language)
allows us to extend usefulness of learned behavior of new situations
INTENTIONS

Question 30

cortical organization

Answer 30

layers: input (sensory) and output (motor) info
columns: interaction (function)

Question 31

cortex is the…

Answer 31

outermost part of the brain

Question 32

middle cortical layers (layer IV)

Answer 32

input zone of sensory analysis
temporal, occipital, and parietal
sensory areas have a larger layer IV

Question 33

layers V and VI

Answer 33

output zone
sends axons to other cortical and brain areas
frontal lobe
motor areas have a larger layer V and smaller layer IV

Question 34

superior layers (II and III)

Answer 34

receives input from other cortical layers and integrates them with inputs from layer IV

Question 35

cortical columns

Answer 35

neurons within a column are functionally similar
excited by a particular tactile stimulus in a particular part of the body

Question 36

most interactions between neurons take place

Answer 36

with cells more than a couple millimeters on either side

Question 37

more organization in _____ than _____

Answer 37

sensory systems, motor systems