The French Revolution and Napoleon Flashcards
What did the French Revolution establish
A new political order
Who gained and lost an empire
Napoleon Bonaparte
Who forged a balance of power
European states
What caused the French Revolution
Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime
What is the Old Regime
A social and political system in France
WHat does the Old Regime refer to in France
The three estates
What are the three estates (in order)
Clergy, nobility, and everyone else
What was the first estate and what did they do
Catholic clergy, owned 10% of land and pay little taxes
What was the second estate and what did they do
Rich nobles, 2% of the population, owned 20% of land
What was the third estate
everyone else, Heavy taxes, wanted change
Which estate did the enlightenment ideas inspire
3rd
What was an economic trouble
High taxes and rising costs
What was King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette known for
extravagance
What did king Louis XVI do to the nation’s debt
he doubled it
What did the bank do about Louis doubling the debt of the nation
The bank refused to lend more money
What was wrong with King Louis XVI
he had poor decisions and had a lack of patience
What is the meeting of representatives from all three estates
Estates-General
Who called together the Estates-General
King Louis XVI
WHo were in the Estates General
all three estates
who had little power under old rules
The third estate
What persuaded them to make major changes in the French government
Sieyes
What was a new legislature to make reforms
National Assembly
What was it called where delegates decide to write new constitution for France
Tennis Court Oath
What did the do when they were locked out of their usual meeting place
they congregated in a tennis court and laid further foundation for revolutionary ideas
What were the rumors about Louis in Paris about`
That Louis wants to suppress the National Assembly`
Why did guards die
Mob attacks and seizes Bastille
Rumours throughout France were about what of royalist troops
Royalist troops becoming wandering vandals
What was attacks by peasants taking place across France
Great Fear
Because the peasants thought that royalist troops were wandering vandals what did they do
they broke into nobility homes
Why did the Parisian women revolt
rising price of bread
What did the peasants destroy
legal papers
who demanded action, forcing Louis to return from Versailles to Paris
Peasants
What did the revolutionary government of France do
They made reforms but also used terror and violence to retain power
What adopted the Declaration of rights of man and of the citizens
National Assembly
What was the slogan that the revolutionary leaders used
Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity
What were the two things that the National Assembly did to alarm many devout Catholics
They seized church lands and turned clergy into public official
Who attempted to escape France
Louis XIV
Who caught the royal family near Netherlands’ border
Revolutionaries
What was the name of the new constitution that the Assembly finished
Legislative Assembly
What was the Legislative Assembly
New body created to pass laws
What were some major problems
debt and food shortages
What did the Assembly get split into
Radicals, Moderates, and Conservatives
What were nobles that leave the country because they miss the Old Regime; bring money elsewhere
Emigres
What were lower class who want more change from the revolution
Sans-culottes
Another word for Sans-culottes
without fancy pants
WHo wanted Louis in charge of France
Austrians and Prussians
Who threatened to attack Paris
Prussian
What did the parisian mob do
Jail royal family and kills guards
What did the Mobs break into
Prisons
What did the Legislative Assembly do because they were being pressured by mob
depose the king
Who formed a French Republic
National Convention
Who did the French army win against
Prussians and Austrians
Who joined forces against France
Britain, Spain, and Holland
Who ordered a draft of 300,000 to reinforce the army
NAtional convention
Who were radical political organization behind 1792 government changes
JAcobins
Who was found guilty of treason and beheaded
Louis XVI
What was a machine designed during the revolution to behead people
Guillotine
Did all people in France support all changes of the Revolution
No
Who was a Jacobin leader who ruled France for a year and became leader of the Committee for Public Safety
Maximillien Robespierre
What was the time called when Robespierre ruled; time included killing of many opponents
Reign of Terror
How many people died during the Terror
40,000+
When did Marie Antoinette die
during the reign of terror
Who included 85 percent of the people that died in the reign of terror
middle and lower class
How did Robespierre die
He was arrested then executed
What happened when Robespierre died
public opinion shifted away from radicals
Who wrote a new constitution
Moderate leaders
What restored orders
Two-house legislature and five-man Directory
What made Napoleon Bonaparte commander of armies
New government
Who was a military genius, seized power in France, and made himself emporer
Napoleon Bonaparte
Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born
Corsica
WHat did Napoleon Bonaparte do in Corsica
attend military school and joined the army
Who did Napoleon defeat
Royalist rebels that are attacking the National Convention
How did Napoleon gain popularity
winning battles
What happened to news of Napoleon’s defeats in Egypt
They were suppressed
What was seizure of power; overthrow of government and its power
Coup d’etat
Who carried out a coup
Napoleon
Napoleon defeated who
British, Russians, and Austrians
What is the vote of the people; new constitution was formed by this
Plebiscite
WHo crowned himself emperor of France
Napoleon
What did Napoleon do to fix the economy
He set up national banking system, efficient tax collection
What was government-run public schools to train officials
Lycees
What did Napoleon infest in
Parks and infrastructure
What was another word for agreement
concordat
Who did Napoleon sign a concordat with and what did it do
Pope/ restored Catholicism in France
What was an uniform system of laws set forth by Napoleon to unify France
Napoleonic Code
What was Napoleon’s greatest achievement in government
Napoleonic Code
What did the napoleonic code recognize
that all men were equal before the law and guaranteed freedom of religion as well as a person’s right to work in any occupation
Where did Napoleonic code put the interests of the states
above those of individual citizens and it dropped laws passed during the revolution that had protected the rights of women and children
Under King Louis XVi who could go to school
only the privileged
Who were taught respect for elders and religion
Pupils
What did the education system in France change
It made schools stress the importance of obedience and military
WHo were setup to allow any skilled person to become a military officer
Lycees
What two subjects became more important in secondary schools
Science and math
WHo had absolute power and could not be removed
King Louis XVI
Who made all the laws
the king
Who became the emperor of France
Napoleon
How many national assemblies were there with members chosen by napoleon from candidates elected by the people
two
Napoleon attempted to retake what
The colony of Saint Domingue
AFter Napoleon gave up on AMerica, who did who concentrate on
Europe
What did Napoleon sell to the UNited States for $15 million
Louisiana Territory
WHo joined forces against Napoleon
Russia, Austria, and Sweden
Who did Napoleon force to sign a peace treaty
Austria, Russia, and Sweden
What was the battle that ensured British naval superiority
Battle of Trafalgar
Napoleon didn’t control what parts of Europe
Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and Ottomans
WHat did Napoleon’s conquests do
they aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his downfall
WHat is forced closing of ports
blockade
what is an economic plan to strengthen Europe and weaken Britain
Continental System
How did Napoleon strike Britain
through a blockade
Who made FRance’s blockade fail
Smugglers and uncopperative allies
Who made a blockade after FRance
Britain
WHere did Napoleon send troops
to SPain to attack Portugal
Who did Napoleon make king of SPain
his brother
who were small groups that attacked and then disappear
guerrillas
How many soldiers did Napoleon lose during the Peninsular War
300,000
Where did nationalist rebels fight the french
in other conquered territiories
Why did Napoleon decide to invade
Relations with Russia break down
How many men were in Napoleon’s army
420,000
WherDuting what battle did the Russians retreat from MOscow
Battle of Borodino
How many soldiers did Napoleon lose to the cold weather
thousands
WHat was the policy called where russians destroyed crops and livestock
scorched-earth policy
WHo joined forces against Napoleon
Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, and AUstria
who defeated Napoleon’s new army
allied powers
WHere was Napoleon exiled to
Island of Elba
Who was soon overthrown and Napoleon quickly returned
Louis XVIII
WHat is british, Prussian forces that defeated Napoleon’s army
Waterloo
What was Napoleon’s last attempt at power
Hundred Days
