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Functional Anatomy > The Foot- Palastanga > Flashcards

The Foot- Palastanga Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the subtalar joint

A

Between the talus and the calcaneus

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2
Q

What is the function of the subtalar joint

A

Allows side to side movement (inversion and eversion) and participates in retsraint and propulsion of the foot

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3
Q

What is the role of the midtarsal joint

A

Puts the spring into the propulsive phase of gait by allowing the anterior part of the foot to adjust itself against the posterior part

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4
Q

What is the difference between the 2 longitudinal arches

A

Medial is higher and more elastic allowing propulsion and spring
Longitudinal is flatter to provide a solid base of support

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5
Q

List the intertarsal joints

A

Subtalar, talocalcaneonavicular, calcaneocuboid, mid tarsal, cuneonavicular, intercuneiform, cuneocuboid

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6
Q

What makes up the mid tarsal joint

A

Talocalcaneonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints

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7
Q

Classification of the subtalar joint

A

Synovial plane

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8
Q

Which ligament is mainly responsible for stability at the subtalar joint

A

The interosseous ligament

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9
Q

Classification of the talocalcaneonavicular joint

A

Synovial ball and socket

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10
Q

Name some important ligaments associated with the talocalcaneonavicular joint

A

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament aka spring ligament

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11
Q

Is movement possible at the TCN joint

A

Yes, inversion and eversion are augmented at this joint

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12
Q

Classification of the calcaneocuboid joint

A

Synovial plane joint

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13
Q

What movements are possible at the calcaneocuboid joint

A

Pronation and supination of the forefoot

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14
Q

Describe supination and pronation of the foot

A

Occurs about the foots own longitudinal axis
Sole facing medially= supination
Sole facing laterally= pronation

Cannot occur as a pure movement and is always accompanied with adduction or abduction

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15
Q

What are ROMs of supination and pronation

A 
Supination= 50degrees
Pronation= 25-30degrees
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16
Q

What is significant about movement at the mid tarsal joint

A

It is always accompanied by movement at the subtalar joint

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17
Q

How is inversion of the foot achieved

A

Adduction at the subtalar joint and supination of the forefoot at the midtarsal joint
Increased with plantarflexion

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18
Q

How is eversion of the foot achieved

A

Abduction at the subtalar joint and pronation of the forefoot at the midtarsal joint
Increased with dorsiflexion

19
Q

What is the classification of the rest of the intertarsal joints (cuneonavicular, intercuneiform and cuneocuboid)

A

Synovial plane

20
Q

Classification of the tarsometatarsal joints

A

Synovial plane

21
Q

Classification of the metatarsophalangeal joints

A

Synovial conyloid

22
Q

Movements possible at the metatarsophalangeal joint

A

Dorsi and plantarflexion, abduction and adduction and circumduction

23
Q

Classification of the interphalangeal joints

A

Synovial hinge

24
Q

Movements at the interphalangeal joints

A

Plantar and dorsiflexion of the toes

25
Q

What are the divisions of the foot and what do they consist of

A

Forefoot- metatarsals and phalanges
Midfoot- cuneiforms, cuboid and navicular
Hindfoot- talus and calcaneus

26
Q

How many intermetatarsal joints are there

A

Only 3, between the lateral 4 metatarsal bones, the 1st and 2nd metatarsals are held together by interosseous fibres only

27
Q

What is the significance of the tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints

A

The joint surfaces interlock and are held together by strong ligaments so allow very little movement, however they contribute to the flexibility of the foot, particularly inversion and eversion

28
Q

Plantarflexion of the 1st metatarsal is accompanied by

A

Adduction and a slight degree of rotation

Due to the line of obliquity of the 1st metatarsal jt

29
Q

What provides support to the medial longitudinal arch

A

Plantar aponeurosis is most important and strongest ligament
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring)
Interosseous ligaments

Ligaments alone are no good and muscles must function to support it, flexor hallucis longus most important

30
Q

What makes up the medial longitudinal arch

A

Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, 3 Cuneiforms, Metatarsals 1-3

31
Q

What makes up the lateral longitudinal arch

A

Calcaneus, Cuboid, Metatarsals 4 and 5

32
Q

What supports the lateral longitudinal arch

A

Ligaments are relatively more important here than medially
Lateral part of the plantar aponeurosis, short and long plantar ligaments etc
Fibularis longus pulls upwards on the arch as it passes under the foot and is the single most important maintaining factor

33
Q

What maintains the transverse arch

A

Bony factors only play a small part (due to shape of medial cuneiform)
Mainly: deep transverse ligament of the metatarsals, tendons of tibialis posterior, peroneus longus and the adductor hallucis muscle

34
Q

Why is beneficial to have a flexible foot

A

Enhances the propulsive mechanism of contraction of gastrocnemius and soleus causing plantarflexion at the ankle

35
Q

Explain how the flexibility of the foot enhances the propulsive mechanism during walking

A

As the heel leaves the ground the toes are extended. Extension of the great toe increases the height of the medial longitudinal arch. Flexors hallucis and digitorum longus are also stretched increasing the force of their contraction.
Contraction of long and short toe flexors increases the force of toe off

36
Q

What happens at the foot when landing from a jump

A

The toes and then the forefoot take the potentially damaging strain (and high energy) before the heel touches the ground. Muscles and ligaments are put under tension and may absorb as much as 50% of the energy.

37
Q

Upon weight bearing how are forces transmitted throughout the foot

A

In 3 directions towards the supports of the plantar vault, resulting in each of the arches of the foot becoming flattened and lengthened

38
Q

Muscles inverting the foot

A

Tibialis posterior and anterior

39
Q

Muscles everting the foot

A

Peroneus (fibularis) longus, brevis and tertius

40
Q

Muscles extending the toes (dorsiflexion)

A

Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor digitorum brevis
Lumbricals

41
Q

Muscles flexing the toes (plantarflexion)

A 
Flexor digitorum longus and brevis
Flexor hallucis longus and brevis
Quadratus plantae
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Interossei and Lumbricals
42
Q

What is the central digit of the foot when regarding abduction and adduction

A

The 2nd toe

43
Q

Muscles abducting the toes

A

Abductor hallucis
Abductor digiti minimi
Dorsal interossei

44
Q

Muscles adducting the toes

A

Adductor hallucis

Plantar interossei

Functional Anatomy (18 decks)

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