The First Crusade and Background 1071-99 <3 Flashcards
Where did the Seljuk Turks originate from?
Central Asia
Where did the Turks migrate from before entering Anatolia?
Persia
What Christian land did the Seljuk Turks overrun after Manzikert?
Anatolia
What became a separate sultanate after being conquered by the Turks?
The territories in Anatolia, under the Sultanate of Rum
Who was the Seljuk ruler at the empire’s greatest extent?
Malik Shah
What was the important battle between Byzantines and Seljuk Turks in 1071?
Manzikert
Who was the leader of the Seljuk Turks that captured the Byzantine emperor at Manzikert?
Alp Arslan
Who was the reforming pope that attempted to aid Byzantium after Manzikert?
Gregory VII
What branch of religion did the Seljuks convert to?
Sunni Islam
Who were the Shia Muslims controlling Egypt at war with the Seljuk Turks?
Fatimids
What is the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?
Constantinople
What significant division occurred between Eastern and Western Christians? When?
Great Schism
1054
Who was the Byzantine emperor after Romanos IV?
Michael VII Doukas
Who was a Turkish cousin of Alp Arslan that established an understanding with Alexios I?
Sulayman
Who established a semi-independent hold over Smyrna in the 1080s?
Caka
What semi-nomadic people invaded the northern European Byzantine territories?
Pechenegs
Who was the cunning Norman leader of Sicily until 1085?
Robert Guiscard
What decisive battle did the Normans win over the Byzantines in 1081?
Dyrrachium
In what year did the Normans stage a second invasion of Byzantium?
1084
What battle in 1091 saw the Pechenegs almost completely annihilated?
Lebounion
What type of new gold coinage was established in 1092?
hyperpyron
Who was the Patriarch of Constantinople appointed by Alexios I in 1084?
Nicholas III Grammatikos
Who was the Byzantine General that took the throne in a military coup in 1081?
Alexios I Komnenos
What group descended from Vikings and settled in Sicily?
Normans
Who was Urban II?
Pope from 1088-99
called for the First Crusade at Clemont
Who was Henry IV?
Holy Roman Emperor involved in the investiture controversy
What is Investiture?
Dispute over who appointed bishops between the papacy and secular princes
What was the Donation of Constantine?
Allegedly ancient document claiming papal control over western Europe
Where did Henry IV beg for three days in the snow? Why? When?
Canossa
sought forgiveness from Pope Gregory VII
1077
What is Petrine Authority?
Spiritual power claimed by the bishops of Rome from St. Peter
What is the Dictatus Papae?
Document listing powers claimed by the papacy over church and secular princes
Who was Henry IV’s appointee as archbishop of Milan? When? Was this successful?
Tedald
in 1075
Yes, defeated papal candidate (Atto)
What did Gregory VII forbid? Where? When?
Lay investiture
Roman synod
1078
Who was Clement III?
Antipope appointed and backed by Henry IV from 1080 to 1100
Who was Matilda of Tuscany?
Prominent supporter of Gregory VII against Henry IV, forces in Milites Christi
What are Milites Christi?
Soldiers of God fighting for the papacy’s interests
What was the council at Piacenza?
March 1095 church council where Alexius’ letter was delivered to Urban II
What was the Clermont council?
November 1095 church council where Urban II launched the First Crusade
What is the Pentarchy?
Five traditional centers of Christianity, each with a patriarch
* Rome
* Constantinople
* Jerusalem
* Antioch
* Alexandria
What is Jerusalem’s significance in Christianity?
Center of Christian faith and pilgrimage disrupted by Seljuk invasions
What is the Holy Sepulchre?
Tomb where Jesus Christ was buried, holiest relic and pilgirmage site in Christianity
What was the Truce of God?
Attempt to prohibit fighting among Western Christians at certain times
What was the Peace of God?
Protection of certain groups from violence, e.g. bishops, peasants
What is the doctrine of ‘Just War’?
Doctrine allowing Christian violence under certain circumstances, such as reclaiming Christendom lands
What is the Cult of Saints?
Belief that saints act as intercessors to God and exist in a hierarchy
What is a Brandea?
A relic that is holy through proximity with a saint
What is a Bodily Relic?
A relic that is literally a part of a saint’s body
What is Pilgrimage?
Desire to travel to holy places, especially Jerusalem
What is Penance?
Act demonstrating an individual seeking forgiveness for sins
What is Remittance of Sins?
Promise made to crusaders that their previous sins would be wiped clean
What is the term used to describe violence that is seen as justified and holy by Christians during the Crusades?
Sanctified Violence
What dilemma did knights face regarding their role in killing during the Crusades? What did this mean?
Knightly dilemma
The conflict between the duty to kill in battle and the religious fear of committing murder
What term refers to natural phenomena believed to be signs from God instructing people to undertake the crusade?
Signs and Wonders
What was the central institution of village life in western Europe that oversaw important life events?
Parish Church
It served as the heart of the community and managed birth, marriage, and death.
What is the one-tenth of a Christian’s income given to the church called?
Tithe
Who was a crusader motivated mostly by sincere religious devotion and was already wealthy?
Raymond of Toulouse
Who was close to Urban II and represented him on the First Crusade?
Bishop Adhemar
What was the name of the force of religiously motivated peasants and knights that were massacred by the Turks?
People’s Crusade
Who was the charismatic preacher and leader of the People’s Crusade?
Peter the Hermit
What did Count Emicho lead against the Jews of the Rhineland?
Pogrom
What key motivating factor relating to land gains can be seen in the actions of crusaders? Who in particular?
Economic greed
Bohemond, Tancred, and Baldwin
What law became increasingly common, allowing eldest sons to inherit, leaving younger sons with little?
Primogeniture
What counter did J. Riley-Smith present for greed motivating the Crusades?
a knight would have had to raise five times his annual income to go crusade
Who was the Norman Crusader known for bravery and skill in battle, but hated by Alexius? Why?
Bohemond of Taranto
son of Robert Guiscard
Who was Bohemond’s nephew and also sought lands and fortune during the Crusade? What problem did he face in Europe?
Tancred
knightly dilemma
Who was the younger brother of Godfrey who left the church to become a knight?
Baldwin of Boulogne
What major event significantly affected Europe, causing hardship for peasants and potentially encouraging them to join the Crusade?
Famine
What social tie facilitated the participation of many crusader leaders, including Baldwin and Tancred?
Feudal ties
Who was an able warrior but a poor administrator, viewing the Crusade as a chance to restore his reputation?
Robert of Normandy
Who was motivated by social pressure from his wife and by the presence of kin on the Crusade?
Stephen of Blois
Who had longstanding connections with Byzantine emperors and a history of pilgrimages to Jerusalem?
Walter Sans Avoir
What German city was the site of an anti-Semitic pogrom led by Count Emicho? When?
Mainz
summer 1096
What is Blood Libel?
The incorrect belief that Jews murdered Jesus and sacrificed Christian children
What significant event occurred in Hungary related to the People’s Crusade?
Count Emicho’s army destroyed
What happened in Constantinople before the First Crusade? Which leader objected?
crusader leaders forced to take an oath to Alexios ro return lands to Byzantium
Raymond of Toulouse
Who was Kilij Arslan? Where was he defeated?
Sultan of Rum
Nicaea and Dorylaeum.
What was the state of Muslim affairs during the arrival of the First Crusade?
Kilij Arslan was at war with Danishmends in Anatolia. This benefitted the crusade.
What city was the first target of the Crusade? When? What friction did this cause?
Nicaea
19th Jun 1097
surrendered to the Byzantines, and the crusaders felt left out and betrayed
How did Nicaea fall to the Crusaders?
1) Alexios rolled boats over land to block provisions (17th Jun 1097)
2) Manuel Boutoumites secretly negotiated their surrender
3) Taticius joined crusaders in assault, and Boutoumites claimed to do the same whilst they surrendered to him (19th Jun 1097)
4) Byz claim Boutoumites won by assault, seen as cowardly by crusaders
Who was Alexius’s general and representative on Crusade? What was his role?
Taticius/Tatikios
guide/diplomat in Anatolia and led a small force with the crusade to Antioch
When was the battle of Dorylaeum? What happened?
July 1097
Seljuks under Kilij Arslan ambushed Bohemond’s contingent, Bohemond successfully defended non combatants and supplies until Adhemar outflanked Seljuks forcing them to flee
What challenges did the crusaders face in Anatolia?
Extreme heat
Lack of provisions
Lack of local support
What conflict arose between Tancred and Baldwin?
They travelled to Cilicia and virtually fought each other for control of its cities
What island provided supplies during the siege of Antioch?
Cyprus, Byzantium
What was the outcome of the siege of Antioch? How long did it last? Who took control of it? Who did this alienate?
Successful
Oct 1097 - Jun 1098
Bohemond
Byzantines
Which brothers failed to co-operate to defend Antioch?
Ridwan of Aleppo, Duqaq of Damascus
Who was besieged the crusaders at Antioch? Successful?
Kerbogha, ruler of Mosul
led a combined Muslim force to Antioch but was defeated by Crusaders
Who betrayed the Muslim garrison? At which city? Who did he make a deal with?
Firuz, an Armenian Muslim convert
Antioch
Bohemond
Who were the Fatimids? Who did they attempt to ally with? Successful?
Shia Muslims
Crusaders against the Seljuks
unsuccessful
What was the significance of Jerusalem in the Crusades?
of great religious importance to Crusaders, Fatimids and Seljuks
recaptured by Fatimids in 1098 from Seljuks
What military technology was vital to the capture of Jerusalem?
Siege Engines
What was the Holy Lance? Who discovered it? Where/when?
A relic found in Antioch that allegedly prodded Jesus during his crucifixtion
Peter Bartholemew
Antioch, June 1098
What were the effects of discovering the Holy Lance? Who doubted its legitimacy? What could’ve explained it?
massively boosted Crusader morale during Kerbogha’s siege of Antioch
bishop Adhemar
Peter Bartholemew served Raymond of Toulouse, attempt to increase power?
Who was Adhemar? When did he die? Where? From what?
a bishop and source of Crusader unity
1st Aug 1098
Antioch
probably typhoid
What was the impact of Adhemar’s death?
His death at Antioch was followed by much disunity among the crusaders.
What was the significance of the ordinary crusaders?
The religious conviction of these people carried the crusade forward when leaders were divided.
Who was the vizier and chief advisor of Malik Shah, who died in 1092?
Nizam al-Mulk
Who was the capable Fatimid vizier who died very shortly after his master? When?
Badr al-Jamali
in 1094
Who were the sons of al-Mustansir who fought for the Fatimid throne after their father’s death?
Musta’li and Nizar
Who was the Abbassid caliph of Baghdad who died? When?
al-Muqtadi
in 1094
Who was the Fatimid caliph of Egypt who died? When?
al-Mustansir
in 1094
Who where the First Crusade leaders?
Adhemar of Le Puy }
Raymond of Toulouse } planned it with Urban II
Bohemond of Taranto }
Tancred } uncle + nephew
Godfrey of Bouillon }
Baldwin of Boulogne } brothers
Hugh of Vermandois
Stephen of Blois
Robert of Flanders
