-1095: Muslim World ☪︎

Question 1

Where did the Seljuk Turks originate from?

Answer 1

Central Asia

Question 2

Where did the Turks migrate from before entering Anatolia?

Answer 2

Persia

Question 3

What Christian land did the Seljuk Turks overrun after Manzikert?

Answer 3

Anatolia

Question 4

Who was the Seljuk ruler at the empire’s greatest extent?

Answer 4

Malik Shah

Question 5

What was the important battle between Byzantines and Seljuk Turks in 1071?

Answer 5

Manzikert

Question 6

Who was the leader of the Seljuk Turks that captured the Byzantine emperor at Manzikert?

Answer 6

Alp Arslan

Question 7

What branch of religion did the Seljuks convert to?

Answer 7

Sunni Islam

Question 8

Who were the Shia Muslims controlling Egypt at war with the Seljuk Turks?

Answer 8

Fatimids

Question 9

What is the Pentarchy?

Answer 9

Five traditional centers of Christianity, each with a patriarch
* Rome †
* Constantinople †
* Jerusalem ☪︎
* Antioch ☪︎
* Alexandria ☪︎

Question 10

Who was Kilij Arslan? Where was he defeated?

Answer 10

Sultan of Rum
Nicaea and Dorylaeum.

Question 11

What was the state of Muslim affairs during the arrival of the First Crusade? How did this affect Muslim unity?

Answer 11

Kilij Arslan was at war with Danishmends in Anatolia (1097)
benefitted the crusade, division in Muslim defences

Question 12

Who were the Fatimids? Who did they attempt to ally with? Successful?

Answer 12

Shia Muslims
Crusaders against the Seljuks
unsuccessful

Question 13

What was the significance of Jerusalem in the Crusades?

Answer 13

of great religious importance to Crusaders, Fatimids and Seljuks
recaptured by Fatimids in 1098 from Seljuks

Question 14

Who was the vizier and chief advisor of Malik Shah? How long did he rule? When did he die?

Answer 14

Nizam al-Mulk
1072-92
1092

Question 15

Who was the Armenian Fatimid vizier who advised al-Mustansir? When did he die? Who succeeded him?

Answer 15

Badr al-Jamali
1094
Al Afdal (son)

Question 16

Who were the sons of al-Mustansir who fought for the Fatimid throne after their father’s death?

Answer 16

Musta’li and Nizar

Question 17

Who was the Abbassid caliph of Baghdad who died? When?

Answer 17

al-Muqtadi
in 1094

Question 18

Who was the Fatimid caliph of Egypt who died? When?

Answer 18

al-Mustansir
in 1094

Question 19

When did the Turks capture Jerusalem from the Fatimids?

Answer 19

1071

Question 20

Where did the Normans conquer from Muslims in S. Italy? When? What happened to the Muslims who lived there?

Answer 20

Palermo, Sicily
1072
given religious freedom, lived relatively peacefully together

Question 21

When did Alp Arslan die? Who replaced him as Great Seljuk Sultan?

Answer 21

Nov 1072
Malik Shah

Question 22

Which Turkoman dynasty came to power in NE. and later C. Anatolia? When? Who were their chief rivals?

Answer 22

Danishmends
c. 1075
Sultanate of Rum

Question 23

Who established the Sultanate of Rum? When? What land did it encompass?

Answer 23

Suleiman ibn Qutulmish
1077
Seljuk lands in Anatolia

Question 24

Which Byzantine emperor did Suleiman help to the throne? When?

Answer 24

Nikephoros III
1078

Question 25

Who was Malik Shah's brother? What did he become in c. 1078?

Answer 25

Tutush I Emir of Damascus

Question 26

Which former Byzantine cities did Suleiman gain? When? How did he gain them?

Answer 26

Nicaea (1080) - given to him by a Byzantine pretender Antioch (1085) - captured from Phileretus, who betrayed the Byzantines

Question 27

Which major Muslim city was captured in Spain by Christians? When? Who by?

Answer 27

Toledo May 1085 Alfonso VI of Castile

Question 28

When did Suleiman ibn Qutulmish die? Who killed him? Who benefitted?

Answer 28

1086 Tutush I Danishmends, exploit power vacuum in C. Anatolia

Question 29

Which 2 Italian cities raided a North African port? What was it called? When?

Answer 29

Genoa + Pisa Mahdia, in Fatimid territory 1087

Question 30

Which Seljuk ruler threated Byzantium by sea? Where was his domain? When did he threaten Constantinople? When was he killed, and who by?

Answer 30

Caka/Tzachas Smyrna (W. Anatolia) 1088-90 1093 Kilij Arslan

Question 31

When did Suleiman's son reestablish the Sultanate of Rum? Where? What was his name?

Answer 31

1092 Nicaea Kilij Arslan

Question 32

When did Malik Shah die? Who succeeded him, and who disputed this claim?

Answer 32

1092 Barkiyaruq (son) Tutush I (brother)

Question 33

When did Tutush I die? Who killed him? Who inherited his lands?

Answer 33

1095 Barkiyaruq Ridwan of Aleppo + Duqaq of Damascus (sons)

Question 34

What was the major (religious) split in Islam?

Answer 34

Sunni Abbasids + Seljuks from Middle East, Arabia and Persia vs Shia Fatimids from North Africa

Question 35

Where was the Abbasid caliphate based? Who controlled it in name/practice?

Answer 35

Baghdad Abbasids by name, Seljuks in practice

Question 36

What was the name of the fanatical Muslim warriors who contested the Reconquista? When did they revive Muslim power in Spain?

Answer 36

Almoravids 1087 onwards

Question 37

Who was the Spanish mercenary who fought for both sides during the Reconquista? Who did he fight for?

Answer 37

Rodrigo Diaz (El Cid) Castile + Leon (Christian) + Zaragoza (Muslim)