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History: AotC 1 - The Origins of Conflict and the First Crusade > -1095: Byzantium & Rûm † ☪︎ > Flashcards

-1095: Byzantium & Rûm † ☪︎ Flashcards

1
Q

When did the Normans conquer S. Italy? Where, and who did it previously belong to? Who led this expedition?

A

1071
Bari
Byzantines (Michael VII)
Robert Guiscard

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2
Q

When was the Battle of Manzikert? Who was it between? Who treacherously defected?

A

26th Aug 1071
Byzantines (Romanus IV) vs Seljuks (Alp Arslan)
Andronikos Doukas

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3
Q

What were the consequences to the Battle of Manzikert?

A
  • Romanos IV captured by Seljuks, released and returned to Constantinople, word of disaster spread by Andronikos Doukas, blinded and deposed Romanos IV causes 10 years of civil war
  • Anatolia falls to Turks, controlled by nomadic Muslims
  • 20% of military lost (max. 8k), and cut off geographically from Armenian manpower to replace
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4
Q

What happened at the Battle of Manzikert?

A

1) Seljuks harry Byz with arrows & feign retreat (light cavalry), ambush Byz
2) Romanos IV decides to retreat (sunset), but Byz right wing get confused, panic and flee
3) rearguard (under Andronikos Doukas) purposefully doesn’t protect the retreating Byz
4) Seljuks launch full offensive, capture Romanos, victory

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5
Q

When was Romanos IV replaced as Byzantine Emperor? Who by?

A

Oct 1071
Michael VII Doukas

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6
Q

When did Michael VII face rebellion? Who did the rebels try crown?

A

1074
John Doukas

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7
Q

When was major economic instability under Michael VII? What caused it? Why?

A

1074-78
debasement of currency
after loss at Manzikert, access to Eastern mines restricted

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8
Q

When was Michael VII replaced as Byzantine Emperor? Who by? How?

A

Mar 1078
Nikephoros III Botaneiates
military coup, was a general

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9
Q

When did Nikephoros III face rebellion? Who from?

A

Nikephoros Bryennios
Nikephoros Basilakes
Constantine Doukas

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10
Q

When was Nikephoros III replaced as Byzantine Emperor? Who by? How?

A

1st Aug 1081
Alexios I Komnenos
military coup, was a general

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11
Q

When was the Battle of Dyrrachium? Who was it between? What was the result?

A

Oct 1081
Normans vs Byzantines
Norman (Robert Guiscard) victory

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12
Q

Which Turk did Alexios I have good relations with? Since when?

A

Suleiman ibn Qutalmish, Sultan of Rum
1081

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13
Q

Which Byzantine island did the Normans occupy? When?

A

Korfu
Feb 1082

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14
Q

How did Alexius deal with the Norman threat? When?

A
  • made treaty with Venice to protect Byzantium from Normans (1082)
  • defeated Norman siege of Larissa (Jul 1083)
  • bribed Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire (360,000 gold pieces) to attack Papal lands in Italy, forcing Guiscard to leave Byzantium to defend Rome (1084)
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15
Q

Which city did Suleiman capture? When? Why was this favourable for Alexios?

A

Antioch
1084
controlled by Phileretus, an Armenian general who deserted the Byzantines in 1078

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16
Q

When did Suleiman die? Who took his lands in Anatolia?

A

1086
nomadic Turks, Alexios’ enemies

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17
Q

Which nomadic group invaded Byzantium from the North? When? Where did they raid? How did Alexios deal with it?

A

Pechenegs
1087
Thrace
was defeated in battle, forced to pay them off

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18
Q

When was a joint siege on Constantinople planned? Who by and what was the plan?

A

1090
Pechenegs reinvade Thrace, Caka of Smyrna launches naval fleet

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19
Q

How did Alexios deal with the Pechenegs in the long term? When? How?

A

crushed them in battle at Lebounion
Apr 1091
hired 40,000 Cumans

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20
Q

When did Alexios introduce his new coinage? What was it called?

A

1092
Hyperpyron

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21
Q

Which nomadic group invaded Byzantium from the North West? When? What happened?

A

Cumans
1094
leader killed and crushed at Adrianople

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22
Q

When did a Byzantine delegation reach the Pope? Which Pope? Where? What did they bring?

A

Mar 1095
Urban II
Clermont
Alexios’ letter asking for military support vs Turks

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23
Q

What Christian land did the Seljuk Turks overrun after Manzikert?

24
Q

What became a separate sultanate after being conquered by the Turks?

A

The territories in Anatolia, under the Sultanate of Rum

25
What was the important battle between Byzantines and Seljuk Turks in 1071?
Manzikert
26
Who was the leader of the Seljuk Turks that captured the Byzantine emperor at Manzikert?
Alp Arslan
27
Who was the reforming pope that attempted to aid Byzantium after Manzikert? When?
Gregory VII 1074
28
What is the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?
Constantinople
29
What significant division occurred between Eastern and Western Christians? When?
Great Schism 1054
30
Who was the Byzantine emperor after Romanos IV?
Michael VII Doukas
31
Who was a Turkish cousin of Alp Arslan that established an understanding with Alexios I?
Sulayman
32
Who established a semi-independent hold over Smyrna? When? What did he establish, threatening Byzantium?
Caka/Tzachas 1084-88 naval fleet
33
What semi-nomadic people invaded the northern European Byzantine territories?
Pechenegs
34
Who was the cunning Norman leader of Sicily until 1085?
Robert Guiscard
35
What decisive battle did the Normans win over the Byzantines in 1081?
Dyrrachium
36
In what year did the Normans stage a second invasion of Byzantium?
1084
37
Who was the Patriarch of Constantinople appointed by Alexios I in 1084?
Nicholas III Grammatikos
38
Who was the Byzantine General that took the throne in a military coup in 1081?
Alexios I Komnenos
39
What group descended from Vikings and settled in Sicily?
Normans
40
What was the Donation of Constantine?
Allegedly ancient document claiming papal control over western Europe
41
What happened in Constantinople before the First Crusade? Which leader objected?
crusader leaders forced to take an oath to Alexios to return lands to Byzantium Raymond of Toulouse
42
What was the state of Muslim affairs during the arrival of the First Crusade?
Kilij Arslan was at war with Danishmends in Anatolia. This benefitted the crusaders
43
Which cities did the Seljuks take from Byzantium over time after Manzikert? When?
Nicaea (1080) Antioch (1085) Nicomedia (1091)
44
How did Turkish warriors undermine Byzantium over time after Manzikert? Which city did they take under instruction of a Byzantine pretender? When?
served as mercenaries for rival factions during civil war (1071-81) Nicaea (1080)
45
What tax did Alexius I exempt certain merchants from? Which merchants? When? Was it popular?
Kommerkrion Venetian 1082 No - resented by Byzantine merchants
46
Which Norman mercenary deserted Byzantium to establish his own kingdom? When? Where? When was he overthrown? Who by?
Roussel of Bailleul 1073 Ankara 1075 Alexios Komnenos
47
Which Armenian general deserted Byzantium to establish his own kingdom? When? Where?
Philaretos Brachamios 1072 Cicilia
48
What was Philaretos promoted to, to make him give up his imperial claims of Cicilia? Who by and when? When was he overthrown? Who by?
Duke of Antioch (incl. Edessa) Nikephoros III 1078 c. 1085 Suleiman of Rum
49
Who did Alexios hire to defeat the invading Normans?
Seljuk mercenaries
50
When was Nicomedia captured? Who by?
1091 Abu l'Kasim (Seljuk)
51
When did Sulayman's forces rescue Alexius's forces? Where? How many men? Who were the Byzantines fighting?
1083 Larissa 7,000
52
When was the Battle of Larissa? Who was it between? Who led each side? Who won?
Jul 1083 Byzantines vs Normans Alexius I vs Bohemond of Taranto Byzantines
53
What happened during the First Norman Invasion of Byzantium?
1) Battle of Dyrrachium (1081), N victory 2) Siege/Battle of Larissa (1083), B victory 3) take Korfu (1084), N victory
54
When did Guiscard leave Byzantium to defend Rome? Who from? Who was left in charge?
1083 Henry VI (HRE) Bohemond of Taranto
55
When did the Norman threat to Byzantium end (until after the First Crusade)? Why?
1085 Robert Guiscard dies

History: AotC 1 - The Origins of Conflict and the First Crusade (8 decks)

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