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History: AotC 1 - The Origins of Conflict and the First Crusade > -1095: Latin Christendom † > Flashcards

-1095: Latin Christendom † Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the reforming pope that attempted to aid Byzantium after Manzikert?

A

Gregory VII

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2
Q

What significant division occurred between Eastern and Western Christians? When?

A

Great Schism
1054

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3
Q

Who was the cunning Norman leader of Sicily until 1085?

A

Robert Guiscard

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4
Q

What group descended from Vikings and settled in Sicily?

A

Normans

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5
Q

Who was Urban II?

A

Pope from 1088-99
called for the First Crusade at Clemont

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6
Q

Who was Gregory VII?

A

Pope from 1073-85
died in Salerno (1085), fled from Rome due to excesses of Normans

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7
Q

Who was Victor III?

A

Pope from 1086-87
backed Mahdia campaign

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8
Q

Who was Henry IV? When did he declared Gregory VII deposed? When was he thus excommunicated?

A

Holy Roman Emperor involved in the investiture controversy
Jan 1076 and 1080
Feb 1076 and 1080

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9
Q

What is Investiture? Who continued to commit this sin?

A

Dispute over who appointed bishops between the papacy and secular princes
Henry IV (HRE) and William I (Eng)

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10
Q

What was the Donation of Constantine?

A

Allegedly ancient document claiming papal control over western Europe

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11
Q

Where did Henry IV beg for three days in the snow? Why? When?

A

Canossa
sought forgiveness from Pope Gregory VII
1077

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12
Q

What is Petrine Authority?

A

Spiritual power claimed by the bishops of Rome from St. Peter

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13
Q

What is the Dictatus Papae? When was it written? Who by?

A

Document listing 27 statements of authority claimed by the papacy over secular princes
1075
Gregory VII

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14
Q

Who was Henry IV’s appointee as archbishop of Milan? When? Was this successful?

A

Tedald
1075
Yes, defeated papal candidate (Atto)

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15
Q

What did Gregory VII forbid? Where? When?

A

Lay investiture
Roman synod
1078

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16
Q

Who was the Antipope? Who backed him? When? How effective was he?

A

Clement III
Henry IV
1080-1100
Not very

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17
Q

Who was Matilda of Tuscany?

A

Prominent supporter of Gregory VII against Henry IV, forces in Milites Christi

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18
Q

What are Milites Christi?

A

Soldiers of God fighting for the papacy’s interests

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19
Q

What was the council at Piacenza? When? What was lifted?

A

church council where Alexius’ letter was delivered to Urban II
March 1095
excommunication of Alexius

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20
Q

What was the Clermont council? When?

A

church council where Urban II launched the First Crusade
November 1095

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21
Q

What is the Pentarchy?

A

Five traditional centers of Christianity, each with a patriarch
* Rome
* Constantinople
* Jerusalem
* Antioch
* Alexandria

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22
Q

What is Jerusalem’s significance in Christianity?

A

Center of Christian faith and pilgrimage disrupted by Seljuk invasions

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23
Q

What is the Holy Sepulchre?

A

Tomb where Jesus Christ was buried, holiest relic and pilgirmage site in Christianity

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24
Q

What was the Truce of God?

A

Attempt to prohibit fighting among Western Christians at certain times

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25
What was the Peace of God?
Protection of certain groups from violence, e.g. bishops, peasants
26
What is the doctrine of 'Just War'?
Doctrine allowing Christian violence under certain circumstances, such as reclaiming Christendom lands
27
What is the Cult of Saints?
Belief that saints act as intercessors to God and exist in a hierarchy
28
What is a Brandea?
A relic that is holy through proximity with a saint
29
What is a Bodily Relic?
A relic that is literally a part of a saint's body
30
What is Pilgrimage?
Desire to travel to holy places, especially Jerusalem
31
What is Penance?
Act demonstrating an individual seeking forgiveness for sins
32
What is Remittance of Sins?
Promise made to crusaders that their previous sins would be wiped clean
33
What is the term used to describe violence that is seen as justified and holy by Christians during the Crusades?
Sanctified Violence
34
What dilemma did knights face regarding their role in killing during the Crusades? What did this mean?
Knightly dilemma The conflict between the duty to kill in battle and the religious fear of committing murder
35
What term refers to natural phenomena believed to be signs from God instructing people to undertake the crusade?
Signs and Wonders
36
What was the central institution of village life in western Europe that oversaw important life events?
Parish Church
37
What is the one-tenth of a Christian's income given to the church called?
Tithe
38
Who was a crusader motivated mostly by sincere religious devotion and was already wealthy?
Raymond of Toulouse
39
Who was close to Urban II and represented him on the First Crusade?
Bishop Adhemar
40
What was the name of the force of religiously motivated peasants and knights that were massacred by the Turks?
People's Crusade
41
What key motivating factor relating to land gains can be seen in the actions of crusaders? Who in particular?
Economic greed Bohemond, Tancred, and Baldwin
42
What law became increasingly common, allowing eldest sons to inherit, leaving younger sons with little?
Primogeniture
43
What counter did J. Riley-Smith present for greed motivating the Crusades?
a knight would have had to raise five times his annual income to go crusade
44
Who was the Norman Crusader known for bravery and skill in battle, but hated by Alexius? Why?
Bohemond of Taranto son of Robert Guiscard
45
Who was Bohemond's nephew and also sought lands and fortune during the Crusade? What problem did he face in Europe?
Tancred knightly dilemma
46
Who was the younger brother of Godfrey who left the church to become a knight?
Baldwin of Boulogne
47
What major event significantly affected Europe, causing hardship for peasants and potentially encouraging them to join the Crusade?
Famine
48
What social tie facilitated the participation of many crusader leaders, including Baldwin and Tancred?
Feudal ties
49
Who was an able warrior but a poor administrator, viewing the Crusade as a chance to restore his reputation?
Robert of Normandy
50
Who was motivated by social pressure from his wife and by the presence of kin on the Crusade?
Stephen of Blois
51
Who had longstanding connections with Byzantine emperors and a history of pilgrimages to Jerusalem?
Walter Sans Avoir
52
Who where the First Crusade leaders?
Adhemar of Le Puy } Raymond of Toulouse } planned it with Urban II Bohemond of Taranto } Tancred } uncle + nephew Godfrey of Bouillon } Baldwin of Boulogne } brothers Robert of Normandy } Stephen of Blois } brother-in-law of RoN Robert of Flanders } cousin of RoN Hugh of Vermandois
53
Which Pope was between Gregory VII and Urban II? When was he Pope?
Victor III 1086-87
54
Where was Henry IV defeated and trapped by Papal allies? When? What did this allow?
Verona 1092-97 greater reform (at Piacenza + Clermont)
55
When did the Normans first invade Sicily from Muslims? Which Pope encouraged this? Who went?
1061 Pope Nicholas II Robert Guiscard + Roger Bosso (brothers)
56
When did the Latins retake Spain from Muslims? Which Pope encouraged this?
1063 Pope Alexander II
57
When did the Normans capture Palermo from the Muslims?
1072
58
Who was the Spanish mercenary who fought for both sides during the Reconquista? Who did he fight for?
Rodrigo Diaz (El Cid) Castile + Leon (Christian) + Zaragoza (Muslim)
59
Which key city did the Christians capture from Muslim Spain? When?
Toledo May 1085
60
Which Spanish city were Christians encouraged to rebuild? Who by?
Tarragona Urban II
61
Which Christian ruler in Spain had an alliance with a Muslim prince? Who was the Muslim prince? What happened? How did they support each other?
Alfonso VI of Leon & Castile al-Qadir of Toledo ruled Toledo pre-1085 independently invaded in 1085 by Christians fled and appealed to Alfonso VI for aid ruled Toledo post-1085 as vassal of Alfonso Alfonso supported al-Qadir vs Muslim Zaragoza supported Alfonso vs Almoravids (1086)
62
Which pope later backed campaigns in Spain against Muslims? When?
Gregory VII 1073, 1078, 1080
63
What did Alfonso VI accept from Muslim states to avoid attacking them?
tribute
64
When did Henry VI forcefully enter Rome? Who freed the Pope? When?
Mar 1084 Robert Guiscard May 1084
65
Which 2 Italian cities raided a North African port? What was it called? When? Who was Pope at the time?
Genoa + Pisa Mahdia (Fatimid) 1087 Victor III
66
How much of farming land in Europe did the Church own?
1/3
67
What body elected Popes? When was it established?
College of Cardinals 1059
68
When did Henry IV continue to appoint bishops? Who did this anger, and why?
1075 Pope Gregory VII against Dictatus Papae (1075)
69
Who was the reforming Pope that attempted to aid Byzantium after Manzikert? When?
Gregory VII Mar 1074
70
Who organised a papally-backed expedition to Spain? When? What were they accused of? What could this bring into question?
Ebles of Roucy 1073 plundering Church piety as motivation for Spanish Crusade of 1073
71
Which event demonstrated danger in the Holy Land for pilgrims? When? What happened?
Great German Pilgrimage 1064-65 unarmed pilgrims attacked by Emir of Tripoli and Bedouin bandits
72
How did Gregory VII become Pope? What did this bypass and undermine?
acclamation College of Cardinals and elections

History: AotC 1 - The Origins of Conflict and the First Crusade (8 decks)

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