1096-99: First Crusade Flashcards
Who was Urban II?
Pope from 1088-99
called for the First Crusade at Clemont
What was the Clermont council?
November 1095 church council where Urban II launched the First Crusade
What is the Holy Sepulchre?
Tomb where Jesus Christ was buried, holiest relic and pilgirmage site in Christianity
What is Pilgrimage?
Desire to travel to holy places, especially Jerusalem
What is Penance?
Act demonstrating an individual seeking forgiveness for sins
What is Remittance of Sins?
Promise made to crusaders that their previous sins would be wiped clean
What dilemma did knights face regarding their role in killing during the Crusades? What did this mean?
Knightly dilemma
The conflict between the duty to kill in battle and the religious fear of committing murder
Who was a crusader motivated mostly by sincere religious devotion and was already wealthy?
Raymond of Toulouse
Who was close to Urban II and represented him on the First Crusade?
Bishop Adhemar
What key motivating factor relating to land gains can be seen in the actions of crusaders? Who in particular?
Economic greed
Bohemond, Tancred, and Baldwin
What law became increasingly common, allowing eldest sons to inherit, leaving younger sons with little?
Primogeniture
What counter did J. Riley-Smith present for greed motivating the Crusades?
a knight would have had to raise five times his annual income to go crusade
Who was the Norman Crusader known for bravery and skill in battle, but hated by Alexius? Why?
Bohemond of Taranto
son of Robert Guiscard
Who was Bohemond’s nephew and also sought lands and fortune during the Crusade? What problem did he face in Europe?
Tancred
knightly dilemma
Who was the younger brother of Godfrey who left the church to become a knight?
Baldwin of Boulogne
What major event significantly affected Europe, causing hardship for peasants and potentially encouraging them to join the Crusade?
Famine
What social tie facilitated the participation of many crusader leaders, including Baldwin and Tancred?
Feudal ties
Who was an able warrior but a poor administrator, viewing the Crusade as a chance to restore his reputation?
Robert of Normandy
Who was motivated by social pressure from his wife and by the presence of kin on the Crusade?
Stephen of Blois
What happened in Constantinople before the First Crusade? Which leader objected?
crusader leaders forced to take an oath to Alexios ro return lands to Byzantium
Raymond of Toulouse
Who was Kilij Arslan? Where was he defeated?
Sultan of Rum
Nicaea and Dorylaeum
What was the state of Muslim affairs during the arrival of the First Crusade?
Kilij Arslan was at war with Danishmends in Anatolia. This benefitted the crusade.
What city was the first target of the Crusade? When? What friction did this cause?
Nicaea
19th Jun 1097
surrendered to the Byzantines, and the crusaders felt left out and betrayed
How did Nicaea fall to the Crusaders?
1) Alexios rolled boats over land to block provisions (17th Jun 1097)
2) Manuel Boutoumites secretly negotiated their surrender
3) Taticius joined crusaders in assault, and Boutoumites claimed to do the same whilst they surrendered to him (19th Jun 1097)
4) Byz claim Boutoumites won by assault, seen as cowardly by crusaders
Who was Alexius’s general and representative on Crusade? What was his role?
Taticius/Tatikios
guide/diplomat in Anatolia and led a small force with the crusade to Antioch
When was the battle of Dorylaeum? What happened?
July 1097
Seljuks under Kilij Arslan ambushed Bohemond’s contingent, Bohemond successfully defended non combatants and supplies until Adhemar outflanked Seljuks forcing them to flee
What challenges did the crusaders face in Anatolia?
Extreme heat
Lack of provisions
Lack of local support
What conflict arose between Tancred and Baldwin?
They travelled to Cilicia and virtually fought each other for control of its cities
What island provided supplies during the siege of Antioch?
Cyprus, Byzantium
What was the outcome of the siege of Antioch? How long did it last? Who took control of it? Who did this alienate?
Successful
Oct 1097 - Jun 1098
Bohemond
Byzantines
Which brothers failed to co-operate to defend Antioch?
Ridwan of Aleppo, Duqaq of Damascus
Who was besieged the crusaders at Antioch? Successful?
Kerbogha, ruler of Mosul
led a combined Muslim force to Antioch but was defeated by Crusaders
Why did Kerbogha’s force at Antioch fail?
division
petty emirs disliked Kerbogha’s greed for land and feared his power if he won, so fled
Who betrayed the Muslim garrison? At which city? Who did he make a deal with?
Firuz, an Armenian Muslim convert
Antioch
Bohemond
Who were the Fatimids? Who did they attempt to ally with? Successful?
Shia Muslims
Crusaders (against the Seljuks)
unsuccessful
What was the significance of Jerusalem in the Crusades?
of great religious importance to Crusaders, Fatimids and Seljuks
recaptured by Fatimids in 1098 from Seljuks
What military technology was vital to the capture of Jerusalem?
Siege Engines
What was the Holy Lance? Where/when? Who discovered it?
A relic found in Antioch that allegedly prodded Jesus during his crucifixtion, sign of victory
Antioch, June 1098
Peter Bartholemew
What were the effects of discovering the Holy Lance? Who doubted its legitimacy? What could’ve explained it?
massively boosted Crusader morale during Kerbogha’s siege of Antioch
bishop Adhemar
Peter Bartholemew served Raymond of Toulouse, attempt to increase power?
Who was Adhemar? When did he die? Where? From what?
a bishop and source of Crusader unity
1st Aug 1098
Antioch
probably typhoid
What was the impact of Adhemar’s death?
His death at Antioch was followed by much disunity among the crusaders.
What was the significance of the ordinary crusaders?
The religious conviction of these people carried the crusade forward when leaders were divided.
Who where the First Crusade leaders?
Adhemar of Le Puy }
Raymond of Toulouse } planned it with Urban II
Bohemond of Taranto }
Tancred } uncle + nephew
Godfrey of Bouillon }
Baldwin of Boulogne } brothers
Hugh of Vermandois
Stephen of Blois
Robert of Flanders
When did the main forces leave Europe for Crusade? How large were the combined forces? How many force were there? Who led each one?
Aug 1096
80,000
4
Hugh of Vermandois, Godfrey of Boullion, Raymond of Toulouse, Bohemond of Taranto
What happened during the First Crusade?
1) journey to Constantinople and Anatolia
2) siege of Nicaea (May-Jun 1097)
3) battle of Dorylaeum (Jul 1097)
4) journey through Cilician Gates, Baldwin leaves
5) siege of Antioch (Oct 1097 - Jun 1098)
6) failed siege of Arqah (Mar-May 1099)
7) siege of Jerusalem (Jun-Jul 1099)
8) battle of Ascalon (Aug 1099)
What did Urban II promise to crusaders, motivating many to go? (3x)
- protect their lands in Europe
- remittance of sins
- riches and lands in the East
What else did Urban II claim was motivation for crusading at Clermont? Why? Whose accounts of Urban’s speech exaggerate this?
protecting Eastern Christians
alleged & exaggerated atrocities in Anatolia used to convince W Christians to go
Robert the Monk & Fulcher of Chartres
What support did Alexius provide the crusaders?
- little provisions (in return for oath of loyalty)
- crossing of Bosphorus
- Taticius and Manuel Boutoumites (Byz Generals)
What happened after passing through the Cilician Gates? When? Where did they take?
Baldwin & Tancred leave main Crusade to fight for lands
early 1098
Ravendel, Turbessel & Edessa
Where was there internal conflict in Cilicia? What happened?
Tarsus
1) Tancred reaches Tarsus, persuades Seljuk garrison to raise his flag
2) Baldwin arrives, and Seljuks give 2 towers to him
3) outnumbered, Tancred backs down
4) overnight, Seljuks slaughter Normans, blame Baldwin
5) Tancred meanwhile seizes Mamistra, and Baldwin’s forces arrive
6) Richard of Salerno wants revenge for Tarsus, skirmish begins between Baldwin & Tancred’s forces
How did Baldwin I take control of Edessa? When?
1) Thoros of Edessa (Armenian) sends request for help against Turks
2) makes Baldwin co-regent
3) Baldwin marries Arda of Armenia (daughter)
4) Thoros killed in uprising (maybe caused by Baldwin), made ruler
Mar 1098
When did the siege of Antioch begin? Who attempted to relieve the siege? Why did this fail?
20th Oct 1097
Ridwan of Aleppo + Duqaq of Damascus
failed to co-operate
Who approached Antioch to relieve the siege later? When? What happened next? When?
Kerbogha
May 1098
Bohemond bribes tower guard called Firuz, enters Antioch
Jun 1098
When was the Battle of Antioch? Who did the Crusaders defeat?
28th Jun 1098
Kerbogha
Who did the Crusaders decide should control Antioch? Who disagreed? Why? What did this dispute cause?
Bohemond
Raymond
believed in oath to Alexius, should be Byzantine
delayed Crusading whilst nobles argued
Which Arab town was captured after Antioch? When? What was allegedly the key motivation to its capture? What was a more likely reason?
Ma’arrat al-Numan
Dec 1098
desperation to reach Jerusalem (religious?)
starvation and dwindling supplies - cannibalised civilians
Which Arab town refused to surrender after Antioch? When was the siege? Who besieged it? How did it survive?
Arqah
14th Feb - 13th May 1099
Raymond
received donations from Emir of Tripoli
What was the Crusader passing through Palestine like? Why?
peaceful, most Emirs surrendered and paid tributes
Fatimids did not guard Palestine
Which important religious site was liberated before Jerusalem? When? Who by?
Bethlehem
6th June 1099
Tancred
When did the Crusaders reach Jerusalem? How many men did the Crusaders have? When did it finally fall?
7th June 1099
c. 12,000
15th July 1099
What happened at the siege of Jerusalem?
1) 1st Assault - 13th June 1099 - scale outer wall
2) Support Arrives - 17th June - Genoese engineers arrive with wood for siege towers + machines
3) Visions - 8th July - priest Peter Desiderius instructed to fast and march around city like siege of Jericho in Story of Joshua
4) 2nd Assault - 13th July - Raymond attacks S gate, Godfrey + Tancred at N gate
5) Victory - 15th July 1099 - North inner wall breaks
What happened when the Crusaders entered Jerusalem? When?
massacre of indigenous population (Muslims & Jews)
15th July 1099
When was the Battle of Ascalon? What happened? How many men? Successes/Failures?
9th Aug 1099
Crusaders defeat Al Afdal’s North African forces
10,000 Crusaders vs 20,000 North Africans
Crusader victory, but bickering between Raymond and Godfrey means they don’t enter Ascalon’s walls
