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A-Level History: Age of the Crusades - The Origins of Conflict and the First Crusade > Key Words and Definitions - All Crusades (up to 17) > Flashcards

Key Words and Definitions - All Crusades (up to 17) Flashcards

1
Q

The Shia Muslims who controlled Egypt and were at war with the Seljuk Turks over Levant

A

Fatamids

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2
Q

A nomadic Islamic people who had invaded Anatolia in the 1060s after conquering Persia

A

Seljuk Turks

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3
Q

The Seljuk ruler who ruled the empire at its greatest extent and after whose reign it collapsed

A

Malik Shah

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4
Q

The territories conquered by the Seljuks in Anatolia which became a separate sultanate

A

Rum

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5
Q

The place where the Turks had migrated recently from. They were heavily influenced by its culture and language

A

Persia

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6
Q

The Christian land that the Seljuk Turks overran after Manzikert, during the 1070sand 1080s

A

Anatolia

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7
Q

The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and greatest city in the world

A

Constantinople

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8
Q

The branch of religion that the Seljuks had converted to. They recognised the titular authority of the Caliph on Baghdad

A

Sunni Islam

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9
Q

A reforming pope who had attempted to aid Byzantium after Manzikert

A

Gregory VII

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10
Q

The place where the Seljuk Turks had originated from

A

Central Asia

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11
Q

The Sunni Caliphs of Baghdad. they had been reduced to figureheads by the Seljuks

A

Abbasid

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12
Q

The important battle that took place between Byzantines and Seljuk Turks in 1071

A

Manzikert

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13
Q

The leader of the Seljuk Turks who captured the Byzantine emperor in 1071

A

Alp Arslan

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14
Q

Area including Palestine and Syria

A

Levant

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15
Q

A nomadic people used by Alexius to destroy the Pechenegs

A

Cumans

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16
Q

The Byzantine General who took the throne in a military coup in 1081

A

Alexius Comnenus

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17
Q

The place that the Normans had conquered from the Muslims and used to attack the Byzantine lands

A

Sicily

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18
Q

The division between Eastern and Western Christians that had occurred in1054

A

Great Schism

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19
Q

The Emperor who was decisively defeat at the battle of Manzikert

A

Romanus IV

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20
Q

A group descended from Vikings who had settled in Sicily and raided the western Byzantine territories

A

Normans

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21
Q

The Western (or Holy) Roman Emperor and king of Germany that Alexius allied with in 1081

A

Henry IV

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22
Q

The pope that Alexius sent a letter to asking for military assistance against the Seljuk Turks

A

Urban II

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23
Q

A semi-nomadic people that invaded the northern European Byzantine territories. by 1090 they had conquered many of them and were an immanent threat to Constantinople

A

Pechenegs

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24
Q

The cunning Norman leader of Sicily until 1085. He was a sworn enemy of the Byzantines and an ally of Pope Gregory VII

A

Robert Guiscard

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25
The Battle of 1081 that was a decisive Norman victory over the Byzantines. The Normans overplayed their hand shortly after this and lost their gains
Dyrrhachium
26
In this year the Normans staged a second invasion of Byzantium but was defeated by Byzantine forces
1084
27
At this Battle in 1091, the Pechenegs were almost completely annihilated by the Byzantine forces and their Cuman allies
Lebounion
28
The Byzantine emperor after Romanus IV. He attempted to repair relations with the papacy in 1073 in order to gain military support
Michael VII
29
A Turkish cousin of Alp Arslan. He established an understanding with Alexius I and was used to manage threats from other Turks in Anatolia until 1086
Suleiman
30
A Turk who established a semi-independent hold over Smyrna in southern Anatolia in the 1080s. His fleet threatened the Byzantine islands in the Aegean
Caka
31
A new gold coinage established in 1092 that was 30% gold, 60% silver and 10% copper. It helped to reduce inflation
Hyperpyron
32
The Patriarch of Constantinople appointed by Alexius I in 1084 who proved loyal to the agenda of the emperor
Nicholas Grammatikos
33
The Byzantine General who took the throne i a military coup in 1081
Alexius I
34
A dispute between papacy and secular princes, especially Henry IV, over who appointed bishops
Investiture
35
The alleged ancient document that popes used to claim theoretical control over Western Europe
Donation of Constantine
36
The alpine fortress where Henry IV begged Pope Gregory VII for forgiveness for 3 days i the snow - 1077
Canossa
37
The spiritual power that the bishops of Rome claimed from St Peter
Petrine Authority
38
A document listing the powers that the papacy claimed over the church and secular princes
Dictatus Papae
39
The imperial appointee as archbishop of Milan in 1075. This infuriated Gregory VII and developed into the wider investiture controversy
Tedald
40
The year that the Roman Synod was held that forbade lay investiture. Appointments using it were to be invalid and those involved, excommunicated
1078
41
A rival or anti-pope to both Gregory VII and Urban II. His reign ran from 1080 to 1100 - he was appointed and backed by Henry IV
Clement III
42
A prominent and powerful supporter of Gregory VII who aided him against Henry IV. Her forces were often part of the Milites Christi
Matilda of Tuscany
43
The so-called 'soldiers of God' that were armed men who fought to advance the interests of the papacy both within Italy and against Muslims
Milites Christi
44
The church council in March 1095 at which Alexius' letter was delivered to Urban II
Piacenza
45
The church council at Auvergne in southern France in November 1095 where Urban II launched the First Crusade
Clermont
46
The five traditional centres of Christianity; each had a patriarch. Three were in Muslim hands
Pentarchy
47
The centre of Christian faith. Pilgrimage to it had been disrupted by the Seljuk invasions
Jerusalem
48
The tomb in which Jesus Christ was buried - the holiest relic in Christian faith
Holy Sepulchre
49
A large Christian expedition in 1064-65 that was badly disrupted by violence against pilgrims
Great German Pilgrimage
50
The Fatimid Caliph who had ordered the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre in 1009. It was later rebuilt
al-Hakim
51
The number of years that Jerusalem had been in Muslim hands by the time of the council at Clermont
457
52
The doctrine developed by St Augustine that allowed for Christian violence in certain circumstances such as the reclamation of Christian lands
'Just War'
53
An attempt to protect certain groups, such as the church or poor peasants, from violence
Peace of God
54
An attempt to prohibit all fighting between Western Christians at certain times
Truce of God
55
The place where the papacy was already seeking to encourage Christians to attack Muslim lands
Spain
56
The belief that saints acted as intercessors to God and that they existed in a hierarchy
Cult of Saints
57
This was a relic that was literally a part of a saint - they were usually the focus of pilgrimage
Bodily Relics
58
The centre of village life in western Europe. It oversaw birth, marriage and death and acted as the heart of the community
Parish Church
59
The one-tenth of a Christians income given to the church as an act of of religious devotion
Tithe
60
A crusader who seems to have been motivated mostly by sincere religious devotion as he was already very wealthy. However, he had frequently been excommunicated for misconduct - seeking remission for his sins
Raymond of Toulouse
61
These were natural phenomena that were ascribed to God giving direct instructions to undertake the crusade
Signs and Wonders
62
This was the desire to travel to holy places. the most important of which was Jerusalem
Pilgrimage
63
A promise made to crusaders that their previous sins would be wiped clean if they took part
Remittance of Sins
64
An act to demonstrate that an individual was seeking forgiveness for their sins
Penance
65
This was a relic that was holy through proximity
Brandea
66
This meant that Christians saw their actions as justified and holy rather than the sin of murder
Sanctified Violence
67
The clash between a knight's role to kill the fear of committing murder. It was solved by the promise of sanctified violence
Knightly Dilemma
68
A crusader who seems to have been motivated partially by the knightly dilemma he faced. He was Bohemond's nephew
Tancred
69
The younger brother of Godfrey who travelled with him. He had left the church to be a knight and was seeking his fortune in the east
Baldwin of Boulogne
70
The historian who argued that a knight would have had to raise five times his annual income. This would argue against greed as a motivator
J Riley-Smith
71
The Norman Crusader who was hated by Alexius I. He was known for his bravery and skill in battle - he was looking for land and wealth
Bohemond of Taranto
72
An increasingly common law that meant eldest sons inherited, leaving younger sons with little
Primogeniture
73
A motivating factor regarding the potential to gain land that can best be seen in the actions of Bohemond, Tancred and Baldwin
Greed
74
A place where some Christian knights had already grown wealthy fighting Muslims
Spain
75
This social tie played an important role in facilitating that participation of many of the crusader leaders including Baldwin and Tancred
Feudal Ties
76
A motivating factor exploited by Urban II in his specific appeal to senior European nobles
Kinship
77
77
A crusader who was motivated by social pressure and by the presence of his kin on the crusade. Richa nd reluctant to go but his wife Adela (sister of Robert of Normandy) insisted for social reasons
Stephen of Blois
78
This had affected Europe for several years inflicting great hardship on peasants. It might have encouraged them to leave for the Holy Lands
Famine
79
80
An able warrior but poor administrator. He saw the Crusade as an opportunity to resurrect his reputation
Robert of Normandy
81
This force ignored Alexius' advice to wait for the princes and were massacred by the Turks
People's Crusade
82
His family had longstanding connections and friendship with the Byzantine emperors and a history of pilgrimages to Jerusalem
Robert of Flanders
83
He was in a poor position in the Holy Roman Empire and was not well liked by Henry VI . He also seems to have been personally pious
Godfrey of Bouillon
84
He was close to Urban II and was sent to represent him
Adhemar
85
A charismatic preacher and leader of the People's Crusade - he was religiously motivated
Peter the Hermit
86
A German Count who led his 'crusading' forces in a pogrom against that Jews of the Rhineland
Count Emicho

A-Level History: Age of the Crusades - The Origins of Conflict and the First Crusade (4 decks)

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