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HSF 2 > The eye > Flashcards

The eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is nystagmus and why does it occur?

A

the focusing of the eye to see close objects. It occurs after a chair spin because the eye can’t focus on any one object.

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2
Q

What are the 4 layers of the eyelid? What two muscles are found here?

A
  1. skin 2. muscles (orbicularis oculi and palpebrae superioris) 3. connective tissue 4. conjunctiva
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3
Q

What are the eyebrows for?

A

to keep sweat out of the eyes.

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4
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland and what does it do?

A

laterally superior to the eye, on the outside. It forms and drains tears.

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5
Q

Where do tears go when they leave your eyes?

A

through the puncta and canaliculi, where they drain into the lacrimal sac and into the nasolacrimal duct.

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6
Q

What kind of response are tears?

A

Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Superior rectus

A

up

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8
Q

inferior rectus

A

down

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9
Q

lateral rectus

A

out

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10
Q

medial rectus

A

in

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11
Q

inferior oblique

A

up, out, medial rotation

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12
Q

superior oblique

A

down, out, medial rotation

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13
Q

What cranial nerves innervate which extrinsic eye muscles?

A

Superior oblique-trochlear
lateral rectus- abducens
occulomotor innervates the others.

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14
Q

What is strabismus?

A

turned eye

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15
Q

What is phoria?

A

weakness of eye muscles

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye ball?

A
  1. fibrous tunic-avascular (cornea and sclera)
  2. vascular tunic-choroid, ciliary body, iris
  3. nervous tunic-photoreceptors
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17
Q

What are the two major functions of the ciliary body?

A

Make aqueous humor and accommodation

18
Q

How does accommodation work?

A

the lens is stretched by the suspensory ligaments for close sight. The ciliary muscle contracts, releasing tension from the lens, making it thicker.

19
Q

Where and how is aqueous humor produced?

A

ciliary processes make aq. humor in the ciliary body. Drains through the pupil.

20
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

result of too much aqueous humor

21
Q

Why is the lens clear?

A

it does not contain blood vessels.

22
Q

What is a cataract?

A

when the lens becomes opaque

23
Q

What are crystallins?

A

proteins in the lens

24
Q

What does the iris do?

A

divides the anterior and posterior chambers

25
Q

What happens when the iris receives stimulation from the sympathetic nervous system? Parasympathetic?

A
  1. pupil dilates

2. pupil contracts

26
Q

What is the pupil?

A

opening in the anterior of the eye

27
Q

Describe the structure of the retina.

A

Made up of rods and cones, neurons and synapses. photoreceptors are in the back of the eye.

28
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

pit in posterior of the eye where light is focused.

29
Q

What are rods?

A

photoreceptors that see black and white. 6-600 bind with a bipolar cell

30
Q

What are cones?

A

photoreceptors that see color, and give 20/20 vision. 1:1 ratio with bipolar cell.

31
Q

What are the 4 layers of the retina?

A
  1. pigment epithelium 2. photoreceptor layer 3. neural network. 4. ganglion cell layer
32
Q

emmetropia

A

normal vision

33
Q

myopia

A

near sighted

34
Q

hyperopia

A

far sighted

35
Q

astigmatism

A

light focuses to multiple points on the retina

36
Q

presbyopia

A

old sight

37
Q

What is a diopter?

A

the inverse of focal length. used to describe the power of a lens

38
Q

What are the two parts of any photopigment?

A

Opsin and retinol

39
Q

What is stereopsis?

A

depth perception

40
Q

What is the most common color blindness?

A

Red-green.

41
Q

Where is the color gene located?

A

on the X chromosome

HSF 2 (11 decks)

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