Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is an artery?

Answer 1

vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Question 2

What is a vein?

Answer 2

vessel that carries blood to the heart.

Question 3

Where is the heart located?

Answer 3

dorsally and slightly to the left

Question 4

3 layers of pericardium

Answer 4

1. outer fibrous layer: prevents over stretching, protection, anchors to surrounding tissues.
2. inner serous layer-pericardial cavity
3. visceral pericardium-epicardium

Question 5

What is a cardiac tapenade?

Answer 5

heart plug

Question 6

What do desmosomes do?

Answer 6

spot welds.

Question 7

How does calcium function in heart muscle?

Answer 7

extracellular calcium ions are needed for contraction

Question 8

What are the PQRST waves?

Answer 8

p is the contraction of the atria, qrs is contraction of the ventricles. t is ventricles relaxing

Question 9

what do the large mitochondria indicate about how the heart produces energy and it’s ability to become fatigued?

Answer 9

the heart doesn’t stop and needs a steady supply of energy to operate

Question 10

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

Answer 10

Parietal pericardium- prevents overstretching, protection, anchors to surrounding tissue

Question 11

What are the 4 grooves or sulci are found in the heart?

Answer 11

atrioventricular, posterior interventricular, anterior interventricular,

Question 12

Pappillary muscles?

Answer 12

chordae tenineae attach muscles to the mitral and bicuspid valves to prevent prolapse

Question 13

Trabeculae carnae

Answer 13

meatlike meshwork

Question 14

What are anastomoses?

Answer 14

provide collateral circulation

Question 15

Ischemia

Answer 15

reduced blood flow

Question 16

hypoxia

Answer 16

reduced oxygen supply

Question 17

angia pectoralis

Answer 17

strangled chest

Question 18

myocardial infarction

Answer 18

death of an area of tissue

Question 19

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 19

one complete heart beat (systole, diastole)

Question 20

What are the heart sounds?

Answer 20

lubb-closing of the av valves during systole

dupp-opening of the av valves

Question 21

A heart murmur signals problems with what part of the heart?

Answer 21

mitral stenosis of the mitral valve

Question 22

What is an eptopic pace maker?

Answer 22

causes an extra heart beat

Question 23

SA node

Answer 23

pacemaker of the ehart

Question 24

What is bradycardia?

Answer 24

BPM of less than 60

Question 25

what is tachycardia?

Answer 25

BPM of more than 100

Question 26

What part of the brain relates heart rate?

Answer 26

medulla oblongata

Question 27

Fetal structures in adults?

Answer 27

Ductus venosus= coronary sinus
ductus arteriosus=ligamentum arteriosum
foramen ovale=fossa ovalis

Question 28

What do these fetal structures bypass?

Answer 28

the liver and lungs

Question 29

vasodilation?

Answer 29

widening of blood vessels

Question 30

vasoconstriction

Answer 30

narrowing of blood vessels

Question 31

vasa vasorum

Answer 31

form capillaries and provide to external cells of the vessel

Question 32

arterioles vs areries?

Answer 32

arterioles have thinner layers than arteries. shunt blood from arteries to veins

Question 33

What is the structure of a capillary wall?

Answer 33

only have 1 layer.

Question 34

continuous

Answer 34

uninterrupted

Question 35

fenestrated capillaries

Answer 35

have pores for filtration

Question 36

sinusoids

Answer 36

spaces between cells, basement membrane absent.

Question 37

tight junctions

Answer 37

blood brain barrier, etc

Question 38

What are venues?

Answer 38

join capillaries and veins

Question 39

What is the structure of a vein?

Answer 39

same 3 layers, thinner tunica media, and contains valves. Act as blood reservoirs.