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HSF 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

connective

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2
Q

What are the main functions of blood?

A

transportation of oxygen, regulation, immunity and nonspecific defenses

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3
Q

How is blood different from water?

A

heavier, thicker, 3-5x more viscous. Slightly higher temperature than the rest of the body (100.4). pH: 7.35-7.45. Specific gravity: 1.050 g/ml.

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4
Q

What is hematocrit and what does it measure?

A

packed cell volume.

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5
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

A

men 2-8 mm/h, women 2-10 mm/h

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6
Q

When we remove formed elements from the blood, what is left?

A

plasma, platelets, and white blood cells

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7
Q

What is blood without clotting factors?

A

serum

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8
Q

Where is blood formed in a fetus?

A

yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow

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9
Q

What is the shape of a RBC?

A

biconcave disc without a nucleus. 1/3 hemoglobin

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10
Q

Describe a hemoglobin molecule.

A

4 peptide chains with iron containing pigment, heme.

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11
Q

Where does oxygen bind in the blood?

A

hemoglobin

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12
Q

What compound is formed when heme combines with oxygen?

A

oxyhemmoglobin

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13
Q

Why would a person appear cyanotic?

A

low oxygen to the tissues near the skin

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14
Q

Why is Carbon monoxide dangerous?

A

binds more tightly to heme than oxygen

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15
Q

Where does Nitric oxide bind and what does it do?

A

to sulfur atoms in lungs. It is a vasodilater

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16
Q

What is the avg RBC count for men? women? children? high altitudes?

A

men: 5.4 million/mm3
women and children: 4.8
high alt: 8 million

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17
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

immature blood cells.

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18
Q

What do normoblasts tell us?

A

heamolytic anemia

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19
Q

What enzymes and enzyme systems are found in a mature erythrocyte and what do they do?

A

carbonic anhydrase: combines Carbon Dioxide and water.

Glycolytic enymes for glycolysis

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20
Q

What is transferrin?

A

combines with heme and is taken into marrow

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21
Q

what is ferritin?

A

protein complex

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22
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

glycoprotein that produces RBC

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23
Q

What happens to bilirubin when the ducts from the liver to the small intestine are blocked?

A

jaundice

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24
Q

what is anemia?

A

the inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the body.

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25
Q

Pernicious anemia is a lack of ?

A

Vitamin b-12

26
Q

What vitamins are needed to prevent anemia?

A

folic acid

27
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

RBC form a sickle shape that lyse the blood vessels

28
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

excess RBC

29
Q

What is the main function of leukocytes?

A

Immunity

30
Q

3 cell lines of leukocytes?

A
  1. myeloid 2. lymphoid 3. monocytic
31
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granular. 54-62%. Phagocytes

32
Q

Eosinophils

A

1-3% granular. combat parasites

33
Q

Basophils

A

less than 1%. Granular. allergic rxn

34
Q

lymphocytes

A

agranular. 25-33%. B make antibodies, T attack invaders

35
Q

monocytes

A

agranular. 3-9% phagocytes

36
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

rise in the number of WBC

37
Q

leukopenia?

A

deficiency in WBC

38
Q

What is a complete blood count?

A

differential count of each type of leukocyte

39
Q

What are platelets?

A

cell fragments. release serotonin that contracts smooth muscle in the wall of blood vessels.

40
Q

What are the 3 types of proteins found in blood plasma?

A
  1. albumin. 2. Alpha globulins 3. fibrinogin
41
Q

lipids found in blood plasma?

A

cholesterol and triglycerides.

42
Q

carbs found in plasma?

A

glucose

43
Q

what does serum contain?

A

antibodies

44
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

stoppage of bleeding

45
Q

4 steps in hemostasis:

A
  1. vascular spasm, 2. platelet plug formation. 3. blood clotting 4. clot retraction
46
Q

Platelet plug formation:

A
  1. platelets contact damaged vessels and adhere.
  2. platelets become activated, dump granules.
  3. platelets become sticky and accumulate.
47
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

clotting in an unbroken vessel

48
Q

what is a thrombus?

A

a clot

49
Q

what is an embolus?

A

clot that travels in the blood stream

50
Q

what is an embolism?

A

clot that is lodged in a part of the body

51
Q

what are clotting factors?

A

vitamin k that is important in clotting

52
Q

3 stages of clotting:

A
  1. formation of prothrombinase
  2. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
  3. conversion of soluble fibrinogen in insoluble fibrin.
53
Q

What are the differences between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?

A

Extrinsic: clotting factor leaks into the blood from outside the vessels.

Intrinsic: more complex, slower, by roughened endothelium or exposure to foreign substances.

54
Q

What keeps are blood from clotting all over the body?

A

the fibrolytic system

55
Q

Fibrolytic system

A

plasminogen, an inactive enzyme, is incorporated into a clot. it can be activated to plasmin, which digests fibrin and inactivates other clotting factors.

56
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

hereditary trait where a person is deficient in one of the clotting factors

57
Q

What are some common anticoagulants?

A

prostaglandins, heparin, warfarin, aspirin.
blocks conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. warfarin is an antagonist to fit k.
aspirin inhibits vasoconstriciton

58
Q

what are the 3 major blood groups?

A

ABO

59
Q

What antigens are found in each blood group?

A

A-anti a, B-anti b, AB-anti a and anti b, O-none

60
Q

Rh factor?

A

rhesus factor.

61
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

hemolytic disease of a newborn when mom is - and father is +.

HSF 2 (11 decks)

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