Blood

Question 1

What type of tissue is blood?

Answer 1

connective

Question 2

What are the main functions of blood?

Answer 2

transportation of oxygen, regulation, immunity and nonspecific defenses

Question 3

How is blood different from water?

Answer 3

heavier, thicker, 3-5x more viscous. Slightly higher temperature than the rest of the body (100.4). pH: 7.35-7.45. Specific gravity: 1.050 g/ml.

Question 4

What is hematocrit and what does it measure?

Answer 4

packed cell volume.

Question 5

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Answer 5

men 2-8 mm/h, women 2-10 mm/h

Question 6

When we remove formed elements from the blood, what is left?

Answer 6

plasma, platelets, and white blood cells

Question 7

What is blood without clotting factors?

Answer 7

serum

Question 8

Where is blood formed in a fetus?

Answer 8

yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow

Question 9

What is the shape of a RBC?

Answer 9

biconcave disc without a nucleus. 1/3 hemoglobin

Question 10

Describe a hemoglobin molecule.

Answer 10

4 peptide chains with iron containing pigment, heme.

Question 11

Where does oxygen bind in the blood?

Answer 11

hemoglobin

Question 12

What compound is formed when heme combines with oxygen?

Answer 12

oxyhemmoglobin

Question 13

Why would a person appear cyanotic?

Answer 13

low oxygen to the tissues near the skin

Question 14

Why is Carbon monoxide dangerous?

Answer 14

binds more tightly to heme than oxygen

Question 15

Where does Nitric oxide bind and what does it do?

Answer 15

to sulfur atoms in lungs. It is a vasodilater

Question 16

What is the avg RBC count for men? women? children? high altitudes?

Answer 16

men: 5.4 million/mm3
women and children: 4.8
high alt: 8 million

Question 17

What is a reticulocyte?

Answer 17

immature blood cells.

Question 18

What do normoblasts tell us?

Answer 18

heamolytic anemia

Question 19

What enzymes and enzyme systems are found in a mature erythrocyte and what do they do?

Answer 19

carbonic anhydrase: combines Carbon Dioxide and water.

Glycolytic enymes for glycolysis

Question 20

What is transferrin?

Answer 20

combines with heme and is taken into marrow

Question 21

what is ferritin?

Answer 21

protein complex

Question 22

What is erythropoietin?

Answer 22

glycoprotein that produces RBC

Question 23

What happens to bilirubin when the ducts from the liver to the small intestine are blocked?

Answer 23

jaundice

Question 24

what is anemia?

Answer 24

the inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the body.

Question 25

Pernicious anemia is a lack of ?

Answer 25

Vitamin b-12

Question 26

What vitamins are needed to prevent anemia?

Answer 26

folic acid

Question 27

What is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 27

RBC form a sickle shape that lyse the blood vessels

Question 28

What is polycythemia?

Answer 28

excess RBC

Question 29

What is the main function of leukocytes?

Answer 29

Immunity

Question 30

3 cell lines of leukocytes?

Answer 30

1. myeloid 2. lymphoid 3. monocytic

Question 31

Neutrophils

Answer 31

Granular. 54-62%. Phagocytes

Question 32

Eosinophils

Answer 32

1-3% granular. combat parasites

Question 33

Basophils

Answer 33

less than 1%. Granular. allergic rxn

Question 34

lymphocytes

Answer 34

agranular. 25-33%. B make antibodies, T attack invaders

Question 35

monocytes

Answer 35

agranular. 3-9% phagocytes

Question 36

What is leukocytosis?

Answer 36

rise in the number of WBC

Question 37

leukopenia?

Answer 37

deficiency in WBC

Question 38

What is a complete blood count?

Answer 38

differential count of each type of leukocyte

Question 39

What are platelets?

Answer 39

cell fragments. release serotonin that contracts smooth muscle in the wall of blood vessels.

Question 40

What are the 3 types of proteins found in blood plasma?

Answer 40

1. albumin. 2. Alpha globulins 3. fibrinogin

Question 41

lipids found in blood plasma?

Answer 41

cholesterol and triglycerides.

Question 42

carbs found in plasma?

Answer 42

glucose

Question 43

what does serum contain?

Answer 43

antibodies

Question 44

What is hemostasis?

Answer 44

stoppage of bleeding

Question 45

4 steps in hemostasis:

Answer 45

1. vascular spasm, 2. platelet plug formation. 3. blood clotting 4. clot retraction

Question 46

Platelet plug formation:

Answer 46

1. platelets contact damaged vessels and adhere. 2. platelets become activated, dump granules. 3. platelets become sticky and accumulate.

Question 47

What is thrombosis?

Answer 47

clotting in an unbroken vessel

Question 48

what is a thrombus?

Answer 48

a clot

Question 49

what is an embolus?

Answer 49

clot that travels in the blood stream

Question 50

what is an embolism?

Answer 50

clot that is lodged in a part of the body

Question 51

what are clotting factors?

Answer 51

vitamin k that is important in clotting

Question 52

3 stages of clotting:

Answer 52

1. formation of prothrombinase 2. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin 3. conversion of soluble fibrinogen in insoluble fibrin.

Question 53

What are the differences between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?

Answer 53

Extrinsic: clotting factor leaks into the blood from outside the vessels. Intrinsic: more complex, slower, by roughened endothelium or exposure to foreign substances.

Question 54

What keeps are blood from clotting all over the body?

Answer 54

the fibrolytic system

Question 55

Fibrolytic system

Answer 55

plasminogen, an inactive enzyme, is incorporated into a clot. it can be activated to plasmin, which digests fibrin and inactivates other clotting factors.

Question 56

What is hemophilia?

Answer 56

hereditary trait where a person is deficient in one of the clotting factors

Question 57

What are some common anticoagulants?

Answer 57

prostaglandins, heparin, warfarin, aspirin. blocks conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. warfarin is an antagonist to fit k. aspirin inhibits vasoconstriciton

Question 58

what are the 3 major blood groups?

Answer 58

ABO

Question 59

What antigens are found in each blood group?

Answer 59

A-anti a, B-anti b, AB-anti a and anti b, O-none

Question 60

Rh factor?

Answer 60

rhesus factor.

Question 61

erythroblastosis fetalis?

Answer 61

hemolytic disease of a newborn when mom is - and father is +.