The Enviornment & Building Envelope Flashcards
Thinking of the human body… buildings have thus in common…
System of structure and utilities that support it.
Requires a skeleton , nerves, pumps, lungs and brain.
Plenums
Overhead element. Space between the ceiling and structure.
Chases
In between the walls
Service Cores
Big components. Core if the building ( think of bathrooms)
What is M/E/P
Mechanical systems ( heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)
Electrical (power and light)
Plumbing Systems ( fresh and waste )
Dynamic Building Envelope include
Operable windows, window shading devices, and insulation shutters.
Energy Efficency
Envelope. Distribution. Equipment. Lighting. Applicances.
Positives Rating Systems: energy star homes, EPA indoor air plus
Indoor Environment Quality
Bulk moisture. Radon. Pest control. HVAC. combust. Materials. Commissioning
Positive ratings: passive house institute US.
Resource Efficiency
Site planning. Location. Water. Materials. Waste management. Renewables.
Positive ratings: LEED. Water Sense. Certified Green Homed and Remodleing
Restorative
Zero energy. Captured rain water. Black water remediation. Realist free materials, air quality testing. Accessibility. Aesthetics. Mental health, sustainable business.
Positive Rating: Living Building Challenge
USGBC stands for?
US Green Building Council
LEED stands for?
Leadership in Energy and Enviornmental Design
ASHRAE stands for ?
The American society of heating, refrigerating and air conditioning engineers
How many certification levels are there for USGBC?
4
4 properties of Heat Flow
Thermal Conductivity. Thermal Bridges. Thermal Mass. Thermal Properties of Building Materials.
U-Value
Measure thermal resistance of other building envelope materials. Low # mean better performance. Heat loss through glass
R-value
Thermal resistance. Stop the transfer of heat or cold. Typically an exterior wall. They are both mathematical reciprocals
Calibrated Blower Door Test
Hopes to find the happy balance between not letting air out but also not holding too much
Moisture Flow
Vapor Pressure. Vapor Retarders
Insulation Materials
Air Spaces and Air Barriers.
Air is the best insulator
Passive Solar Systems have 2 elements
A collector with south facing glazing (northern hemisphere)
Energy Storage which is usually a thermal massive materials such as a rock or water
Direct Gain Systems
Defenestration. Simplest passive solar home design technique. Sunlight enters the house through windows without interference and the heat collection, storage and distribution all occur within the same space.
When light reaches floors and walls, they absorb and store the solar heat.
At night the stored heat energy warms the room through convection and radiation
Indirect Gain Systems
Thermal storage walls. Roof ponds. Greenhouses and sunspaces. A technique by which thermal energy is stored in an area adjacent to (but not part of) the living space.
Thermal Mass does what?
Such a trombe wall, absorbs the suns heat energy through glazing, and slowly release it through convection and conduction
What do we depend on buildings for?
Sanitation, visual and accoustic environments, space and means to move, and protection from injury
What is a major concern for building placement?
Site and orientation
What percent of total energy use do buildings account for?
41%
______ ______ is energy that comes from naturally occurring resources
Renewable Energy
(Such as sunlight, wind, or geothermal heat)
The use of what is an important sustainable design technique?
Daylight
____ _____consists of the earths internal heat
Geothermal energy
_____ is the organic matter of plants
Biomass
What is thermal lag?
The earth stores hear and releases it at a later time
When is the lowest daily temperature?
Just before sunrise
Fountains, waterfalls, and trees tend to raise ____ and lower _____
Humidity/ temperature
_____ ___ _____ _____ is when the building is taken apart and it’s constituent pieces are reused
Demolition by hand salvage
Historic preservation and adaptive reuse represent the highest form of _____?
Recycling
What is an example or a dynamic building envelope?
Tipi
What are dynamic elements of the building envelope?
Operable windows, window shading devices, and insulating shutters
Rigid exterior walls serve as?
Shear Walls tor transfer lateral wind and earthquake loads
Non load bearing walls are called?
Curtain walls
_____ control thermal radiation, temperature, humidity, and airflow
Roofs
Slope usually 1/4” per foot often leading to interior drains
Flat roof
One or more slopes
Pitched roof
A single pitched slope
Shed roof
Slopes down into two directions from a central ridge, forming a triangular gable at each end
Gable roof
A pitched roof with a shallower upper slope and steeper lower slope on each side
Gambrel roof
Sloping sides like a gable roof, but ends also slope in to meet central ridge
Hip or hipped roof
Resembles a shallow hipped roof set on top of a steeper lower part
Mansard roof
Intensive, extensive, and modular block
These are all examples of?
Green roof types
What do green roofs help reduce
the heat island effect in urban areas
“is the instantaneous flow of energy at a give time”
Power
“in the context of buidlings, is power usage over time”
Energy
“is the form of heat energy that flows whenever there is a temperature difference”
Sensible Heat
“is the term for sensible heat that is used to change the state of a material, for example, evaporating water”
Latent Heat
“is the rate at which a building gains or loses heat through any portion of its enclosure under stable indoor and outdoor temperatures”
Thermal Resistance
a branch of science that deals with the relationship between heat and other forms of energy
Thermodynamics
“the tendency toward running down or disorder”
Entropy
What law is this?
“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed”
First Law of Thermodynamics
What law is this?
“expresses the tendency toward disorder as part of the normal nature of things”
Second Law of thermodynamics
The laws of thermodynamics have specific applications to?
HVAC systems
Defines thermal equilbrium. for example when 2 objects are in equilbrium the third will as well. everything in the end wants to reach the same temperature.
Zeroth law of Thermodynamics
Some parts of walls and roofs transmit heat more rapidly than others. These pieces of construction are called?
Thermal Bridges
How do you increase thermal resistance?
by adding insulation or reflective sheets or by creating more air spaces
The ability of a material to store heat is called?
Thermal Capacity
What does MRT stand for?
Mean Radiant Temperature
materials that resist the flow of water vapor through the envelope assembly are called?
Vapor Retarders
These are all considertaions for what type of design?
Orientation, Interior Plan, Slope of glazing, Shading, and Reflectors
Passive Solar Design
this system introduces solar energy directly into the interior space through ordinary fenestration.
Direct-gain passive solar systems
This system places thermal storage mass between the sun and the occupied space. Sunlight strikes the thermal mass; where it is absorbed and stored, then slowly transferred to the occupied space
Indirect Gain systems
Roof ponds are a good example of what type of system?
indirect gain solar systems
” Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
Sustainability
_____ _____ is a holsitic approach to building design that reduces negative social, economic, and ecological impacts on the enviornment
Sustainable Design
1) waste equals food: produce everything so that, when its useful life is over, it becomes a healthy source of raw materials to produce new things
2) Respect Diversity: Design everything to respect the region, culture, and materials of a place.
3) Use solar energy: Buildings must be designed to be responsive to this non-polliting and renewable energy source
The 3 principles to guide sustainable design
By: William McDonough and Michael Braungart
The goal of ____ _____ is to produce positive enviornmental impact, leacing the world better off in terms of energy, water, and materials
Regenerative Design
_____ _____ is the energy that is used to obtain, process, fabricate, transport, and dispose of a unit of a building material
Embodied energy
the amount of energy the building uses to operate
Energy Loads
What does BREEAM stand for?
the Building Research Establishment’s Enviornmental Assessment Method
what does GBI stand for?
Green Building Incentive
the term ____ ____ refers to a voluntary standard for energy efficency in a building that reduces its ecological footprint so that it requires little energy for space heating or cooling
Passice House
Thermal Transmitance.
The rate of heat loss through glass.
lower numbers = better performance
U-Value
Thermal Resistance
the capacity of an insulating material to resist heat flow.
the higher the (?) value the greater the insulating power
R-Value
In ______ ______ building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, reflect, and distribute solar energy, in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer
Passive Solar
____ _____ heating systems use solar energy to heat a fluid – either liquid or air – and then transfer the solar heat directly to the interior space or to a storage system for later use.
Active Solar
