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Evironmental Systems for Interior Design > Acoustics > Flashcards

Acoustics Flashcards

1
Q

The rapid fluctuation in are pressure can be defined as?

A

Sound

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2
Q

sound is defined as a _______ wave

A

Physical

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3
Q

Sound is defined as a ______ vibration

A

Mechanical

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4
Q

______ is defined as a series of pressire variations in air or in an elastic medium

A

sound

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5
Q

What requirements are needed in order for sound to exist?

A

Source, transmission path, receiver

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6
Q

Mechanical waves require?

A

A medium

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7
Q

Sound waves are ____ waves, as opposed to the ________ waves of light and electricity

A

Mechanical, Electromagnetic

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8
Q

This best decsribes what type of wave?
those waves in which the parcles of the medium move parallel to the propagation of the wave. For example sound waves are this
1) Longitudinal wave
2) Transverse Wave

A

Longitudinal Wave

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9
Q

This best decsribes what type of wave?
Those waves in which the particle of the medium move perpendicular to the direction of the propagation of the wave. for example, ripples fromed on the surface of the water is this
1) Longitudinal wave
2) Transverse Wave

A

Transverse Wave

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10
Q

_______ refers to the sound pressure or volume, and is perceived as loudness

A

Amplitude

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11
Q

The frequency with which these pass a given point is measured as the number of cycles completed per second, measure in?

A

Hertz (Hz)

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12
Q

Sound pressure, sound power, and sound intensity can all be expressed in?

A

Decibles (dB)

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13
Q

______ is the decrease in energy or pressure for each unit area of a sound wave. Occurs as the distance from the source increases as a result of absorption, scattering, or spreading in 3 dimensions

A

Attenuation

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14
Q

Sound ____ occurs where sound is reflected froma convex surface

A

Diffusion

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15
Q

Sound _______ is the physical process by which sound passes around obstructions and through smalle openings

A

Diffraction

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16
Q

_____ occurs when sounds reflected from a concave surface converge at a single point

A

Focusing

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17
Q

the reflection of sound along a curved surface from a source near the surface is called?

A

Creep

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18
Q

Areas near walls collect the majority of sound as a result of reflectionsl; these areas are known as?

A

Reverberant Fields

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19
Q

_____ is the persistence of sund after the source of the sound as ceased, as a result of repeated reflections

A

Reverberation

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20
Q

an ____ is a single reflection of a soundwave off a distant surface

A

Echo

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21
Q

The ____ _____ of a room or space is defined as the time it takes for sound to decay by 60 dB. for example. if the sound in a room took 10 seconds to decay from 100dB to 40dB, the ____ _____ would be 10 seconds.

A

Reverberation Time

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22
Q

the reverberation time is ______ proportional to the volume of the space and _______ proporional to the absoprtion of the surfaces

A

Directly, Inversely

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23
Q

Natural ____ _____ is the amplificcation of the sound being heard from various reflections as well as directly from the source

A

Sound Reinforcement

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24
Q

____ is a reflection of sound that arrives at the listener with a delay after the direct sound. the delay is directly proportional to the distance of the reflecting surface from the source and the listener.

A

Echo

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25
Q

_____ _____ is produced by repetitive reflections off hard surfaces arriving at different times. We perceive it as a buzzing or clicking sound

A

Flutter Echo

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26
Q

_____ is another phenomenon that must be examined along with velocity and pressure when we are dealing with low-frequency energy within our smaller room acoustical enviornments. sound is produced by something vibrating. this vibration produces a sound that has a particular frequency.

A

Resonance

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27
Q

ASTM stands for?

A

American Society for Teting and Materials

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28
Q

______ is international has established methods fro measuring, analyzing, and quantifying noise

A

ASTM

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29
Q

ANSI stands for?

A

American National Standards Institute

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30
Q

____ sets scientific parameteres and cruterua used in acoustic analysis

A

ANSI

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31
Q

______ determines sound levels for mechanical systems

A

ASHRAE

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32
Q

ASHRAE stands for?

A

the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

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33
Q

What is the interior designers role when it comes to noise control?

A
  1. Reduction at the source
  2. Reduction along the paths of transmission
  3. Reduction at the receiver
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34
Q

____ _____ is a sound that travels through the air.
Examples: talking, sounds from radio and television, sounds from pets like a dog barking and sounds of cars starting

A

Airborne Sound

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35
Q

_____-_____ ____ is defined as sound that is carried via the structure of a building.
Example: the noise of footsteps across an upper floor that are audible in the room below

A

Structure-borne sound

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36
Q

NRC stands for?

A

Noise Reduction Coefficient

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37
Q

AC stands for?

A

Articulation Class

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38
Q

_____ _____ _____ meaures the degree to which a ceiling panel absorbs sound

A

Noise Reduction Coefficient

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39
Q

_____ _____ measures how well a ceiling panel prevents sound from reflecting back down to adjacent workspaces in an open-plan enviornment

A

Articulation Class

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40
Q

CAC stands for?

A

Ceiling Attenuation Class

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41
Q

____ _____ _____ indicates the ability of a ceiling panel to block sound transmission

A

Ceiling Attentuation Class

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42
Q

STC stands for?

A

Sound TRansmission Class

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43
Q

_____ _____ ____ measures how well a wall or partition prevents sound from transmitting to the other side

A

Sound Tranmission Class

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44
Q

AI stands for?

A

Articulation Index

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45
Q

____ _____ represents how well speech can be understood in a given space. Expressed as a decimal value between 0 (unintelligible) and 1.00 (easily heard)

A

Articulation Index

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46
Q

what does PI srand for?

A

Privacy Index

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47
Q

____ _____ is the inverse of articulation index

A

Privacy Index

48
Q

Sound tramission is measure by _____ ____ and by ______ _______ ______

A

Transmission losss / sound tranmission class

49
Q

There are ___ families of asoptive materials. what are they?

A

3
1) Fibrous Materials
2) Panel Resonators
3) Volume Resonators

50
Q

_____ ____ is a designed system using speakers that emit a finely tuned background white noise

A

Sound Masking

51
Q

____ ____ is a combination of all the different frequencies of sound

A

White Noise

52
Q

A ____ ____ is a space free from reflective surfaces or other interefernces , such as might occur outdoors

A

Free Field

53
Q

the distance between the peak of one sound wave and the peak of the next is called its ____

A

Wavelength

54
Q

Whether we perceive a sound as a high or low depends on its _____

A

Frequency

55
Q

The frequency with which these peaks pass a given point is measured as the number of _____ completed per second, measured in ______

A

Cycles, Hertz (Hz)

56
Q

A sources acoustical magnitude is a measure of the power of sound it may be termed _____ ______,

A

Sound Power, Sound Pressure, or Sound Intensity

57
Q

Sound power varies over a very wide range from one source to another. It is expressed in ______ _____ ______ ______, the basic unit of acoustical energy

A

Watts (W) of acoustical power

58
Q

the loudness of sounds is measured in a way that relates actual sound intensity to the way humans experience sound, rather than in ______ (sound pressure) or _____ (sound energy)

A

Pascals, Watts

59
Q

Loudness is measyre according to a mathematical logarithmic scale of _______

A

Decibles (dB)

60
Q

A _____ is a unit for expressing the relative pressure or intensity of sounds

A

Decibel (dB)

61
Q

________ ____ expresses the realtive loudness of sounds in air as perceived by the human ear

A

A-Weighted Decibels (dBa)

62
Q

_____ _____ occurs when two seperate sources of sound are perceived simultaneously, obscuring each other

A

Sound Masking

63
Q

____ is simply defined as any unwanted sound

A

Noise

64
Q

____ is pressure variation percieved through touch

A

Vibration

65
Q

______ is the decrease in energy or pressire for each unit area of a sound wave

A

Attenuation

66
Q

____ _____ leaves the surface at an angle equal to the angle at which it strikes it

A

Reflected Sound

67
Q

The ____ ____ is the time it takes in a particular space for a sound to drop 60 dB

A

Reverberation Time

68
Q

_____ occurs where sound is reflected from a convex surface

A

Diffusion

69
Q

_____ is the physical process by which sound passes around obstructions and through small openings

A

Diffraction

70
Q

____ is a rapid succession of echoes with sufficient time between each reflection for the listener to be aware of separate, discrete signals

A

Flutter

71
Q

A ____ ____ is a steady, pure tone between two highly reflectuve parallel walls

A

Standing Wave

72
Q

_____ occurs when sounds reflected from a concave surface coverage at a single point

A

Focusing

73
Q

The reflection of sound along a curved surface froma source near the surface is called a _____

A

Creep

74
Q

the ___ ____ is the ratio of sound energy absorbed to sound energy impinging on the surface of a material

A

Absorption Coefficient

75
Q

The absorption coefficient depends on the frequency and ____ ___ _____ of the sound

A

Angel of incidence

76
Q

There are 4 areas if concern when it comes to acoustics in an archecticetural sense. What are they?

A

1) room acoustics
2) sound isolation
3) mechanical equipment
4) sound systems

77
Q

An ____ ____ ____ uses a hard-wired or wireless system to transmit an audible signal

A

Assistive listening system

78
Q

Music would sound better in what kind of space?

A

A reverberant one

79
Q

How does Attenuation work?

A

It reduces sound energy by seperating a sound source from the listener

80
Q

What are the 3 acoustic fields?

A

1) Free field
2) Reverberant Field
3) Reverberant Field with Absoption

81
Q

What type of field best describes this?
“… attenuates as it spreads out without interruption”

A

Free Field

82
Q

What type of field best describes this?
“… the area closests to large obstructions such as walls, where conditions approach a diffuse acoustic field”

A

Reverberant Field

83
Q

When a sound reflects off a hard polished surace, the result is termed?

A

Specular (mirror-like)

84
Q

____ ____ orginates in a space with any sound-producing source

A

Airborne Sound

85
Q

___ ___ is energy delivered by a source that directly vibrates or hits the structure

A

Structure-borne

86
Q

____ ____ can occure at any air passageways such as key-holes, cracks around doors or windows, or gaps between walls and floors

A

Sound Leaks

87
Q

_____ ____ is the acoustic path of least resistance

A

Flanking Path

88
Q

_____ ______ improves both airborne and structure-borne sound transmission problems

A

Discontinous Construction

89
Q

____ _____ is a measure of of the performance of a building material or consutrction assembly in preventing transmission of airborne sound

A

Transmission Loss (TL)

90
Q

_____ ____ is related to the wall Mass (heaviness and density), rigidity (layers and air spaces), absorbency of materials, and method of construction and attachment.

A

Transmission Loss

91
Q

____ ____ is a another major acoustic concern for interior designers

A

Speech Privacy

92
Q

A space with many absorptive surfaces that does not support sond is termed ___ ___

A

Dead Space

93
Q

A ___ ____ has reflective sufaces to sustain the sound through several reflections before it attenuates to the point of inaudibility

A

Live Space

94
Q

Sound absorption is measured by a materials ____ ____ ___ or its ____ ____ ____

A

Sound Absorption Coefficent, Noise Reduction Coefficent

95
Q

____ ____ consist of a membrane of thin plywood or linoleum in front of a sealed air space that usually contains an absorbent material

A

Panel Resonators

96
Q

____ ____ are usually hollow concrete blocks with open slits that allow sound waves to enter

A

Volume Resonators

97
Q

_____ can be considered as a mixture of previous and more recent sounds

A

Reverberation

98
Q

____ _____ generally depends on mass, resiliency, and tightness. The more massive the barrier the less likely sound is to make it vibrate significantly

A

Sound Isolation

99
Q

Less stiffness results in high ____ ____

A

Internal Damping

100
Q

_____ _____ ____ Separate the walls structure from its surface material

A

Resilient Furring Channels

101
Q

____ ____ is acoustical insulation that is usually made of fiberglass impregnates with rubber neoprene compoud to avoid fibers crom coming loose in the air current

A

Duct Lining

102
Q

_____ ____ ____ is a rating for floor construction similar to the STC rating for walls. It rates the ability of a floor system to isolate impact noise

A

Impact Insulation Class (IIC)

103
Q

Acoustically ____ _____ like concrete and brick reflect sound while resisting vibrations that could allow the sound to continue on in adjacent spaces

A

Massive Materials

104
Q

Soft, Porous, acoustically absorbent materials are often covered with perforate metal or other materials for protection and stiffness. These coverings are designed to be?

A

Acoustically Transparent

105
Q

AI stands for?

A

Articulation Index

106
Q

Which office acoustic measurement best fits this description?
“ relates speech intelligibility, speech intensity, and background sound level at 5 octave-band frequencies. Weighted to emphasize intelligibility. Requires complex computer calculations to derive”

A

Articulation Index (AI)

107
Q

Which office acoustic measurement best fits this description?
“ derived from open-office cubicle measurements. indicates absorption at angles of incidence between 45 and 55 degrees. Higher ratings indicate less sound bounces off the ceiling int adjacent cubicles. Ratings range from from 170 to 210”

A

Articulation Class (AC)

108
Q

AC stands for?

A

Articulation Class

109
Q

Which office acoustic measurement best fits this description?
“Measures how well a ceiling structure attenuates airborne sound between two closed rooms over the range of speech frequencies”

A

Ceiling Attenuation Class (CAC)

110
Q

CAC stands for?

A

Ceiling Attenuation Class

111
Q

Which office acoustic measurement best fits this description?
“US General Servies Administration (GSA) rating summarizes background sound level and attenuation between source and listener”

A

Speech Privacy Potential (SPP)

112
Q

SPP stands for?

A

Speech Privacy Potential

113
Q

____ happens when a system changes the shape of the acoustical signal that it receives; some stages of the amplification

A

Distortion

114
Q

____ _____ occurs when a reproduced sound loses its naturalness and acquires and unpleasant, ringing quality

A

Sound Coloration

115
Q

When the system is turned up too loud it produces, _____ _____ or howling

A

Acoustic Feedback

Evironmental Systems for Interior Design (21 decks)

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