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GERR > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a paracrine secretory cell?

A
  • Only affects neighbouring cells, rapid and locally degraded
  • distributed by diffusion
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2
Q

What is an autocrine secretory cell?

A
  • Only affects itself i.e. has receptors for its own messengers
  • Distributed by diffusion
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3
Q

Give examples of paracrine secretion messengers?

A

Histamine

NO

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4
Q

Give examples of Neurotransmitter messengers?

A

AcH
Amines
Amino Acids
Neuropeptides

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5
Q

How do neurotransmitter messengers get released from the cell?

A

secreting cell is neurone which sends an electrical impulse down its axon into the axon terminal where exocytose and diffuse across to target cell

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6
Q

What is hormonal secretion?

A

secretion into blood by endocrine cells e.g. thyroid hormone or adrenaline

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7
Q

What is neurohormonal secretion?

A

secretion into blood by neurosecretory neurones e.g. ADH

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8
Q

What is an endocrine cell?

A

Ductless gland which secrete chemical messengers Into blood

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9
Q

Differences between nervous and endocrine system?

A

N v E
Mediator molecule: Neurotransmitter v hormone
Onset: millisecond v seconds, hours or days
Duration: brief v longer
Target cell: Muscle, glands or neurones v cells throughout body
site: close to release v long range

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10
Q

What are the four types of hormones?

A

Amine - synthesised from tyrosine
Peptide - made of short chain amino acids
Protein - made of long chain amino acids
Steroid - derived from cholesterol

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11
Q

Give examples of amines?

A

Catecholamines e.g. noradrenaline
Dopamine
thyroid hormone

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12
Q

Give example of Peptides?

A

Oxytocin
ADH
Glucagon

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13
Q

Give examples of Proteins

A

Human Growth hormone
Insulin
Parathyroid

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14
Q

Give examples of Steroids?

A

Testosterone
Progesterone
Aldosterone

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15
Q

Which hormones use free transport?

A

Amines, proteins and peptide

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16
Q

Which hormones use protein bound transport?

A

Steroids and thyroid hormones

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17
Q

What proteins do hormones bind to?

A

globulins and albumin

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18
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A
  • Regulates metabolism
  • Adapts body to help cope with stress
  • Promotes Growth
  • Controls reproduction
  • Regulates RBC production
  • Regulates energy balance
  • Maintain homeostasis
19
Q

What structure connects the pituitary gland and hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

20
Q

What bone houses the pituitary gland and what is the indentation of the bone the gland sites in called?

A

Sphenoid bone

Sphenoid sinus

21
Q

What structure is most likely to be affected by a pituitary tumour?

A

Optic chiasma causing bilateral hemianopsia (peripheral vision loss)

22
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary called?

A

Posterior pituitary = Neurohypophysis made up of neural tissue derived from brain
Anterior pituitary = Aden-hypophysis made up of glandular tissue derived from the mouth

23
Q

Via what pathways is the pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A 
posterior = neural pathway 
anterior = vascular pathway
24
Q

What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin (synthesised in hypothalamus by released from pituitary)

25
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A
  • Growth hormone
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone
  • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
  • prolactin (non tropic)
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • Luteinisng hormone
  • Melanocyte stimulating hormone (non tropic)
    (rest tropic)
26
Q

What structures in the hypothalamus are connected to the posterior pituitary?

A

Supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei

27
Q

What does Oxytocin do?

A

stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection

28
Q

What does ADH do (brief)?

A
  • increases water permeability and absorption in renal collecting ducts
  • vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle to increase BP
29
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

Hormone which regulates another hormone secretion by a different endocrine gland

30
Q

What two factors affect secretion of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

A
  • Hypothalamic hormones
  • Feedback by target gland hormones
    (negative feedback loops will stop secretion of hypothalamic hormones when levels of target hormone in blood is normal)
31
Q

What are the hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones?

A
  • Growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)
  • Thyroid releasing hormone and corticotrophin releasing hormone
  • Prolactin releasing hormone and prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)
  • Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (controls FSH and LH)
  • The balance of these hormones will decide wether hormone secreted
32
Q

What structure connects the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

A

the hypothalamic pituitary portal system (two sets of capillaries)

33
Q

Which hypothalamic hormones act on which anterior pituitary hormones?

A 
PRH + PIH > Prolactin
TRH > Thyroid stimulating hormone
CRH > Adrenocorticotrophic hormone 
GHRH + GHIH > Growth hormone 
GnRH > FSH + LH
34
Q

What is the benefit of using the portal system?

A
  • Minimises dilution of hormones
  • Allows for a rapid response
    means hormones don’t need to travel through blood all the way around the body to get back to pituitary
35
Q

What are the hormones released from hypothalamus called

A

hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones

36
Q

What is the normal three hormone sequence in hypothalamic anterior pituitary systems

A
  • First hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormone
  • Then anterior pituitary hormones (mainly tropic)
  • Finally peripheral gland hormones (target gland)
37
Q

Where do the negative feedback loops occur?

A

Long loop negative feedback = peripheral gland hormone inhibits anterior pituitary secretion or hypothalamic secretion
short loop = pituitary gland hormone inhibits hypothalamic hormone

38
Q

What needs to be taken into account when measuring hormone levels at different times of day?

A

Hormone levels often have diurnal or circadian rhythms so change naturally across the day

39
Q

What are the three types of hypo secretion and hyper secretion?

A

Primary - abnormality in target gland which will then not secrete final hormone
Secondary - deficiency in tropic hormone released by anterior pituitary gland
Tertiary - deficiency in hypothalamic hormone which then results in too little tropic hormone and too little target gland hormone

40
Q

What is panhypopituitarism?

A

Deficiency in all hormones produced by anterior and posterior pituitary glands

41
Q

What is the cause of hormone hyper secretion?

A

Tumours which ignore normal regulatory input and continuously secrete excess hormone can again by primary, tertiary or secondary

42
Q

What is the consequence of hyper secretion of each anterior pituitary hormone?

A

ACTH - Cushing Syndrome
Prolactin - impaired reproductive function
ADH - fluid retention and low plasma osmolality
TSH - Graves disease
hGH - children = gigantism, adults = acromegaly

43
Q

What are the causes of primary hyposecretion?

A

Genetic, Dietary, Chemical, Immunologic, cancer, Iatrogenic

GERR (49 decks)

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