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GERR > Microanatomy of reproductive system > Flashcards

Microanatomy of reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

Where female gametes are developed

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2
Q

What are the fallopian tubes?

A

Collects ovulated oocytes, site of fertilisation

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3
Q

What is the Uterus?

A

Site of decidualisation, menstruation, implantation and placental/foetal growth

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4
Q

What is the cervix?

A

‘neck’ of Uterus, provides a barrier to infection, dilates and secretes to regulate parturition and reproduction

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5
Q

What is the vagina?

A

External opening of female reproductive system, key to deposition of sperm and protection of the reproductive tract

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6
Q

Describe microanatomy of the ovaries?

A
  • single layer germinal epithelium on exterior
  • DIRCT Tunica Albuginea (capsule inside epithelial layer)
  • Cortex - oocyte and follicular development
  • Medulla - loose CT with blood vessels from hilum and lots of fibroblasts
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7
Q

By what process are oocytes lost in the ovaries?

A

Atresia

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8
Q

What are the different stages of follicular development?

A

1) primordial follicle
2) Primary follicle
3) secondary follicle
4) Early antral follicle
5) late antral follicle

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9
Q

What are the four main reproductive hormones in females?

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormones
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Luteinising hormone
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10
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts in the medulla of ovaries?

A

sensitive to hormone levels

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11
Q

What is found in the follicles of ovaries?

A

oocytes (Female gamete)

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12
Q

What phase of mitotic division do oocytes remain at until ovulation?

A

Prophase I of Meiosis I

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13
Q

What phase of mitotic division do eggs remain at until Fertilisation?

A

Meiosis I only completes Meiosis II at fertilisation

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14
Q

What do follicles become when they’re fertilised and so have no oocyte?

A

Corpus luteum - secrete lots of progesterone

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15
Q

What does the Corpus Luteum turn into if an egg is not fertilised?

A

Corpus Albican - follicle regresses, undergoes atrophy and becomes fibrotic

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16
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

A

Main endocrine regulator before development of the placenta

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17
Q

Describe the structure of a primordial follicle?

A

single layer of small flattened follicular cells surround the oocyte and provide nutritional network and endocrine signalling

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18
Q

Describe how a primordial follicle forms a primary follicle?

A
  • The primordial oocyte grows and secretes glycoprotein creating the zone pellucida
  • Follicular cells develop into granulosa cells
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19
Q

Describe how a secondary follicle develops from a primary?

A

More granulose cells collect which start recruiting theca cells from the storma

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20
Q

What is the function of Theca cells?

A
  • produce androgens

- form the corpus luteum post ovulation

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21
Q

Describe an Antral follicle?

A
  • oocyte has layer around it zona pellucida
  • which is surrounded by granulosa cells
  • basement membrane
  • layer of thecal cells
  • Antrum (fluid filled cavity) within the granulose cells
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22
Q

What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone?

A
  • Stimulate development go follicles from primordial to Graafian
  • stimulates release of oestrogen from granulosa cells
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23
Q

What do follicular cells secrete?

A

1) Progesterone

2) precursor to oestrogen

24
Q

How many layers of theca cells are there?

A

Theca interna

Theca externa

25
Q

Describe the structure of a Graafian follicle (secondary antral follicle)?

A
  • Antrum keeps expanding pushing the oocyte from the centre toward the edge of the cell
  • layer of granulosa cells remain around the oocyte
  • barrier of cells between oocyte and antrum called Corona radiata
26
Q

Describe function of oestrogen in follicular/oocyte development?

A
  • oestrogen secretion stimulated by FSH inhibits the FSH
  • Some of the follicles start dyeing off as FSH only allows survival of one egg
  • increase in oestrogen stimulates surge in LH
  • LH causes ovulation
27
Q

How does the oocyte leave the follicle?

A
  • in response to LH surge collagenase activity increases
  • increase in follicular fluid and pressure
  • ovarian cortex surrounding follicle thins
  • Follicle ruptures releasing the oocyte and corona radiata together
28
Q

Describe the structure of the fallopian tube?

A
  • Isthmus part of tube which connects to the uterus
  • Infundibulum connects to the ovaries
  • Ampulla is body of the tube in-between the other parts
  • fimbriae are finger like extensions of the infundibulum
  • wall of tube made of layer of simple columnar epithelium and layer of smooth muscle
29
Q

Describe the mucosa and muscularis of the Fallopian tube?

A
  • Simple columnar mucosa (secretory and ciliated)
  • Infundibulum mucosa are highly folded and muscularis thin
  • Ampulla mucosa highly folded and thick muscularis
  • isthmus mucosa less folded and thickest musclularis
30
Q

What is the function of the fimbriae?

A

During ovulation lie over the surface of ovary to create current to move oocyte into fallopian tube

31
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

Ampulla of fallopian tube

  • spermatozoa deposited in vagina
  • travels up cervix
  • into uterus and up the Fallopian tube
32
Q

What is secreted by the mucosa of Fallopian tube ?

A
  • Tubular fluid which allows the oocyte to float

- fluid able to nourish the oocyte

33
Q

What is the job of the ciliated cells?

A
  • create current to move the oocyte down the tube toward the spermatozoa
  • Spermatozoa has tail allowing it to swim up the Fallopian tube
34
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium (inner)
Myometrium
Perimetrium (outer)

35
Q

Describe histology of the endometrium?

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • functional zone (glands) also called Stratum functionalis, lost every month during menstruation
  • basil zone called stratum Basalis
36
Q

Describe the structure of the perimetrium?

A

Layer of connective tissue

37
Q

Describe structure of the myometrium?

A

smooth muscle and lots of blood vessels

38
Q

Why does the endometrium need to have lots of glands?

A

The zygote needs to implant on to a highly glandular tissue which will be able to support it

39
Q

What is the male gametes and where are they developed?

A

Spermatozoa in the testes

40
Q

What is the function of epidiymis?

A

Collects developing spermatozoa and site of maturation

41
Q

What is the function of the ductal system?

A

Delivers sperm from testis in preparation for ejaculation

42
Q

Function of the Accessory glands in male reproductive system?

A

produce seminal fluid to allow sperm movement and survival

43
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

hydraulic delivery system which transports spermatozoa to vaginal canal

44
Q

What do LH and FSH stimulate in the male reproductive system?

A

LH - testosterone

FSH - Spermatozoa

45
Q

Describe structure of the testes and its excretory ducts?

A
  • Enclosed in thick connective tissue capsule called the tunica albuginea
  • Tunica albuginea give rise to septa which divide organ into lobules
  • Each lobule contains seminiferous tubules
  • Tubules extend into rete testis before becoming efferent ducts that lead to epididymis
46
Q

Describe structure of the epididymus?

A
  • contains head, body and tail
  • attaches to the testes
  • connects to the vas deferens
47
Q

What are the two specialised cells in the seminiferous tubules?

A

1) Leydig cells - in CT, secrete Testosterone
2) Sertoli cells - support and nourish developing germ cells
- Leydig surrond tubules and sertoli found within the tubules

48
Q

What are the four levels of sperm development?

A
  • Spermatogonia
  • Spermatocytes (primary and secondary)
  • Spermatids
  • Spermatozoa
49
Q

Where do sperms develop?

A

Seminiferous tubules of the testes

layers of sperm cells which are eventually released into lumen and travel to vas deferens

50
Q

Histology of epididymus?

A
  • pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
  • epithelium have modified microvilli (called stereocilia)
  • microvilli resorb some of testicular fluid
51
Q

What is the function of epididymus?

A
  • spermatozoa storage

- concentrates as removes fluid

52
Q

Structure of the Vas deferens?

A
  • encapsulated by dense irregular connective tissue (DIRCT)
  • Columnar epithelium
  • thick walled three layers of smooth muscle
  • Inner and outer longitudinal and middle circular
  • Contraction of muscle moves spermatozoa from epididymus to urethra for ejaculation
53
Q

What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system and what do they secrete?

A

1) Seminal vesicles - produce viscous secretion containing sperm-activating substances
2) Prostate gland - produce thin, milky fluid containing several enzymes (alkaline to counteract vaginal acidity)
3) Bulbourethral - Produce clear fluid prior to ejaculation to lubricate distal urethra and neutralise it

54
Q

What are the sperm-activating substances?

A

Fructose, citrate and prostaglandins

55
Q

What are the three vascular cylinders that make up the erectile tissue of the penis?

A
  • Two Corpus Cavernosa (sit dorsal separated by median septum, surrounded by tunica albuginea)
  • One corpus spongiosum (ventral and contains urethra)

GERR (49 decks)

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