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GERR > Microanatomy renal system > Flashcards

Microanatomy renal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the renal system?

A
  • Filter blood to form filtrate
  • Eliminate toxic nitrogenous waste
  • balance composition and volume of blood to maintain homeostasis
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2
Q

Describe the anatomy of a kidney?

A
  • multilobar

- each lobe made up of outer cortex and inner medulla with a renal papilla

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3
Q

Through what vessels does urine flow through?

A
  • papillae release urine to minor calyces

- minor calyces > Major calyces > renal pelvis > Ureter

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4
Q

What are the main blood vessels in entering kidneys?

A

Renal vein and renal artery which join the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava

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5
Q

What are Calyces?

A

vessels with cup like heads found at the base of the medulla

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6
Q

What is the function of nephrons?

A

filtration, reabsorption and excretion

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7
Q

What is a nephron?

A

Blind-ending (closed at one end) epithelium lined hollow tubule

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8
Q

What are the parts of the nephron?

A
  • renal corpuscle (Bowmans capsule + glomerulus)
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
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9
Q

Where does the urine drain into after leaving the nephron?

A

Collecting duct (not technically part of nephron)

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10
Q

How does the renal corpuscle develop?

A

Glomerulus invaginates into bowman capsule pushing the ‘visceral layer’ back into itself

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11
Q

Where is the juxtaglomerular complex located?

A

intersection of distal convoluted tubule and the efferent and afferent arteriole

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12
Q

What cells are located at the JG complex?

A

1) Macula Densa (part of distal convoluted tubule)
2) Juxtaglomerular cells (tunica media of afferent arteriole
3) Lacis cells (in-between two arterioles)

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13
Q

What is the function of macula dense?

A
  • chemoreceptors which monitor luminal sodium concentration and if need to will adjust glomerular filtration rate
  • signal JG within wall of afferent arteriole which secrete renin
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14
Q

What type of epithelium is the visceral layer of bowman capsule and what is the name of the cells?

A

Simple squamous

podocytes

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15
Q

What vessels drain urine from kidneys and from bladder?

A 
Ureters = from kidneys
urethra = from bladder
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16
Q

What structure enter and leave the hilum of the kidneys?

A

Renal vein and artery and the ureters

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17
Q

Where are the renal papillae located?

A

at the base of the medulla, before calyx

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18
Q

Can damage to nephrons be reversed?

A

No

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19
Q

Which part of the nephron is the closed end?

A

renal corpuscle

20
Q

What parts of the nephrons are in the cortex and what parts are in the medulla?

A

cortex: proximal and distal convoluted tubules and renal corpuscle
Medulla: loop of Henle and major of blood vessels which form vasa recta

21
Q

At what point is filtrate classed as urine?

A

When enters collecting duct

22
Q

What are the exit and entry points of the glomerulus called?

A

Vascular pole = where afferent (entry) and efferent arteriole (exit)
Urinary pole = exit point of the filtrate

23
Q

Describe the structure of the renal corpuscle?

A
  • outer layer is the parietal epithelium
  • also contain inner visceral epithelial layer
  • space between layer is the bowman space
  • glomerulus (bundle of blood vessels) is at centre surrounded by the visceral epithelium
24
Q

What is the difference between the afferent and efferent arteriole?

A
  • efferent has a smaller lumen - blood exiting nephron is under higher pressure
  • means blood back up in the glomerulus and so has more time to be filtered
25
Q

What cells makes up the blood-filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle?

A
  • fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
  • fused basal laminae of capillaries and podocytes
  • podocytes of visceral epithelium
26
Q

What is the function of the JG cells?

A

secrete renin which stimulates release of Ang II into blood which causes vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole to increase in GFR due to pressure difference

27
Q

What is the chain of blood vessels which supply the kidney?

A 
Renal artery >
Interlobar artery > 
Arcuate Artery > 
Cortical radial/interlobular a. >
Afferent arteriole >
Glomeruli >
Efferent arteriole >
Peritubular/intertubular capillaries >
Venous return
28
Q

Where would you find the interloper arteries?

A

Between lobes run up the medullary area

29
Q

Where are arcuate arteries located?

A

In between cortex and medulla

30
Q

Where do cortical radial arteries travel?

A

Up through cortex toward bowmen capsule of kidney

31
Q

Where are the intertubular capillaries located?

A

wrap around the proximal tubule and down to the medulla and help to from vasa recta which surrounds the loop of henle

32
Q

What are the adaptions of the podocytes?

A
  • wrap around capillaries of glomerulus
  • develop primary and secondary processes
  • secondary are fingerlike extensions which are used as site of filtration (contain filtration slits)
  • means only smaller sized molecules can move through
33
Q

Describe the histology of the proximal convoluted tubules?

A
  • epithelial lining contains numerous microvilli and basal invaginations which contain sodium complexes
34
Q

What epithelial lining does the proximal convoluted tubule have?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

35
Q

What is the function of the sodium complexes in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • reabsorb water, potassium, ions, glucose and amino acids

- these are returned to efferent arteriole

36
Q

What are the epithelial linings in the loop of Henlé?

A

thin portion has simple squamous

thick portion has simple cuboidal

37
Q

By what process is urine concentrated in the loop of henle?

A

Counter-current multiplier

38
Q

What blood vessels can be found running alongside the loop of henle?

A

Vasa recta

39
Q

What is the difference between the histology of the distal and proximal tubules?

A
  • Distal has the cuboidal epithelium but no microvilli
  • Less convoluted (coiled)
  • less reabsorption in distal
  • contain macula densa
40
Q

What can be regulated in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Potassium, sodium, calcium and PH

41
Q

What three vessels is liquid passed down after leaving nephrons to reach the papillae and then calyces?

A

Collecting tubules > Collecting ducts > Ducts of Bellini

42
Q

What epithelium is found in the collecting ducts?

A 
Simple cuboidal (tubule)
simple columnar (Bellini)
43
Q

What epithelium can be found in renal calyces?

A

Transitional epithelium 2-3 cell thick

44
Q

What features of the calyces help in movement to the bladder?

A
  • well developed smooth muscle
  • no defined layers
  • able to create peristaltic contractions promoting emptying of urine from papillae to calyces
45
Q

Describe the histology of the ureter?

A
  • transitional epithelium 4-5 cell thick
  • contains lamina propria and elastic fibres
  • Then two layer of smooth muscle (longitudinal and circular)
  • except at distal end where three layers
  • smooth muscle allows for peristaltic contraction
46
Q

What structures in the urinary system contain transitional epithelium and what is it?

A
  • Bladder, ureter and calyces
  • able to change shape
  • when structure empty cells rounded and fat, when structure distends (fills) then flatten and become squamous
47
Q

Describe histology of bladder?

A
  • Transitional epithelium 6-8 cell thick
  • Epithelium also contain Umbrella cells which are able to open to flatten them and close to make themselves more rounded
  • Layer of lamina propriety with fibroelastic connective tissue and blood vessels within
  • 3 large indistinct layers of smooth muscle

GERR (49 decks)

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