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Diabetes and Endocrine - Physiology > The Endocrine Pancreas - Insulin > Flashcards

The Endocrine Pancreas - Insulin Flashcards

1
Q

what peptide hormone suppresses hunger

A

leptin

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2
Q

what two hypothalamic centres control food intake

A

feeding centre and satiety centre

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3
Q

two theories suggest what controls food intake centres . How do they differ

A

glucostatic theory is blood glucose based whereas lipostatic is fat store based.

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4
Q

where is leptin released from

A

fat stores

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5
Q

3 types of energy output

A

cellular work, mechanical work and heat loss

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6
Q

what is the absorptive state

A

where ingested nutrients supply body energy needs and the excess is stored

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7
Q

post-absorptive phase is anabolic/catabolic

A

catabolic

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8
Q

absorptive phase is anabolic/catabolic

A

anabolic

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9
Q

what is the post-absorptive phase

A

when we break down our body energy stores

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10
Q

what sources of energy can the brain use

A

glucose and ketones

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11
Q

in what situation does the brain use ketones for energy

A

starvation

glycogen release –> fatty acids turned into ketones

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12
Q

long term consequence of hypoglycaemia

A

coma and death

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13
Q

in normal metabolism, what happens to excess ingested glucose

A

it undergoes lipogenesis to fat stores

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14
Q

ways that glucose can be made by body

A

breakdown of glycogen

amino acids into glucose (gluconeogenesis)

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15
Q

normal BG level

A

5mmoles

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16
Q

what BG is defined as hypoglycaemic

A

<3mmoles

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17
Q

what BG prick test is defined as hyperglycaemic

A

> 11mmoles

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18
Q

what fasting BG is defined as hyperglycaemic

A

> 7mmoles

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19
Q

two chief hormones of blood glucose control

A

insulin and glucagon

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20
Q

4 types of pancreas cells and what they secrete

A

alpha - glucagon
beta - insulin
delta - somatostatin
F - pancreatic polypeptide

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21
Q

what does pancreatic polypeptide do

A

we don’t really know, probably helping nutrient absorption

22
Q

trigger of insulin release

A

blood glucose and amino acid levels increasing

23
Q

what other hormones lower blood glucose

A

none. only insulin lowers blood glucose

24
Q

what two forms is glucose stored as

A

glycogen and triacylglycerols

25
Q

where is glycogen stored

A

in the liver and muscle

26
Q

where is TAG stored

A

in the liver and adipose tissue

27
Q

mechanism of insulin secretion

A

glucose –> into cell by GLUT transporter –> metabolism increases –> ATP increases –> Katp channels close –> depolarised –> voltage Ca2+ channels open –> insulin exocytosed

28
Q

what is special about K+ ion channels of B-cells

A

sensitive to ATP within the cell

29
Q

what channels close in the secretion of insulin

A

Katp

30
Q

what channels open in the secretion of insulin

A

Ca2+

31
Q

what does closing Katp channels do to the cells polarity

A

depolarises it

32
Q

GLUT transporter of glucose into cells of muscle and fat

A

GLUT-4

33
Q

what receptors does insulin bind to GPCR or tyrosine kinase

A

tyrosine kinase

34
Q

effect of insulin stimulation of cell

A

GLUT-4 migrates to cell membrane from cytoplasm and transports glucose

35
Q

what types of tissues need insulin for glucose uptake

A

muscle and adipose

36
Q

what are the non-insulin dependent tissues

A

Kidneys, brain, rbc and b-cells of pancreas and liver

37
Q

what GLUT transporter takes up glucose in the liver

A

GLUT-2

38
Q

how does insulin indirectly effect glucose uptake in liver

A

insulin release –> hexokinase activated –> converts glucose to glucose 6 in cell–> creates a concentration gradient over membrane –> glucose moves into cell by GLUT-2

39
Q

how does glucose move into liver cells

A

moves down a concentration gradient

40
Q

effect of insulin on glycogen synthesis

A

stimulates its synthesis and inhibits its phosphorylase

41
Q

effect of insulin on amino acid uptake

A

increases it

42
Q

effect of insulin on protein synthesis

A

increases it and inhibits its lysis

43
Q

effect of insulin on TAG synthesis

A

increases

44
Q

effect of insulin on gluconeogenesis

A

inhibits enzymes of gluconeogenesis

45
Q

effect of insulin on K+ ions

A

promotes entry into cells by stimulating Na+/K+ ATPase

46
Q

where is insulin degraded

A

mostly liver and kidneys

47
Q

what happens to insulin bound receptors after

A

they are ENDOcytosed and destroyed.

some are recycled

48
Q

stimuli of insulin release

A

increased BG and aa.
glucagon (to take up the glucose that glucagon causes to be made)
vagal nerve activity
GI secretory and motility hormones

49
Q

inhibitor of insulin release

A

low BG.
somatostatin
stress
sympathetic alpha2 effects?

50
Q

what has greater effect on insulin secretion. intravenous or oral delivery of glucose

A

oral. because vagus nerve is stimulated to release GI hormones and insulin in addition to the B-cells being directly stimulated

Diabetes and Endocrine - Physiology (10 decks)

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