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Diabetes and Endocrine - Physiology > Intro to Endocrine > Flashcards

Intro to Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what is an endocrine hormone

A

a hormone that travels through the blood to a target far away

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2
Q

what is a paracrine hormone

A

one which acts locally to site of synthesis e.g. histamine

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3
Q

what is an autocrine hormone

A

a hormone which acts on the same cell it was synthesised in e.g. cytokines

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4
Q

what is an exocrine hormone

A

a hormone which is released through ducts to the external environment. e.g. saliva and bile

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5
Q

how does a neuron release to trigger target cell

A

a neurotransmitter

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6
Q

where does a neuroendocrine nerve release its neurotransmitter

A

into the bloodstream

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7
Q

how can the same hormone have different response in different tissues

A

different receptors for the same hormone

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8
Q

what are the 3 classifications of endocrine hormones

A

peptide, amine and steroid

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9
Q

what amino acids are the majority of amine hormones derived from

A

tyrosine

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10
Q

what is the only amine hormone to not be derived from tyrosine, what is it derived from

A

melatonin, from tryptophan

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11
Q

what are steroid hormones derived from

A

cholesterol

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12
Q

2 precursors of peptide hormone

A

preprohormone and prohormone

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13
Q

how is preprohormone turned into prohormone

A

signal sequence on prepro causes it to be transported into ER lumen where the signal sequence is cleaved to leave a prohormone

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14
Q

how is the prohormone turned into hormone

A

after passing through the Golgi apparatus, enzymes in the vesicles cleave off the fragment to leave a hormone

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15
Q

what is the clinical significance of the prohormone –> hormone fragment

A

it is exocytosed with the hormone and so levels of it can be detected in the blood. for example, in diabetes measuring levels of serum insulin would not be effective as some of that insulin would be from medication, whereas C-peptide tells you how much have been produced

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16
Q

what is the fragment of insulin called

A

C-peptide

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17
Q

how is a peptide hormone store in the cell until required

A

in vesicles as hormone + fragments

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18
Q

where is the preprohormone produced

A

by the ribosomes (protein)

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19
Q

what is co-secretion

A

when the hormone and its fragments are exocytosed together

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20
Q

why would levels of C-peptide be higher than the insulin level

A

because insulin is metabolised faster than C-peptide so doesn’t remain in bloodstream as long

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21
Q

how much higher is the C-peptide level than insulin

A

about 5 times

22
Q

what are the water soluble hormone types

A

peptide and amine

23
Q

what mechanism do peptide hormones use to act on target cells

A

binding to surface recptors, usually either GPCR or tyrosine kinase linked

24
Q

how do GPCR stimulate action in cell

A

opening/closing ion channels or activating a second messenger to phosporylate proteins or alter gene expression

25
Q

why is water solubility a benefit for a hormone

A

easily dissolves in blood and makes transport easy

26
Q

how do tyrosine kinase receptors stimulate action in the cell

A

through altering gene expression

27
Q

which receptor response is faster

A

GPCR

28
Q

two subtypes of tyrosine derived amine hormones

A

catecholamines and thyroid hormones

29
Q

dopamine, NoraE and E are what type of hormones

A

amine –> tyrosine –> catecholamine

30
Q

what distinguishes catecholamines and thyroid hormones

A

solubility: catecholamines are water soluble

31
Q

solubility of steroid hormones

A

lipid soluble (cos made from cholesterol)

32
Q

why can’t steroid hormones be stored in cells

A

because they are lipophilic and so can’t be retained by a lipid membrane

33
Q

how are steroid hormones transported in blood

A

bound to albumin

34
Q

what is the benefit of steroid hormones being bound to carrier proteins in the blood

A

solubises them in blood and protects them from enzymatic degradation –> increases half life above other hormone types

35
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

aldosterone, cortisol, estrogen and vit D3

36
Q

where are steroid hormone target cell receptors

A

inside the cell cytoplasm or nucleus, because they are lipid soluble

37
Q

how does a steroid hormone trigger a cellular response

A

through cytoplasm/nucleus/secondary messengers activating or repressing gene function to effect protein synthesis

38
Q

does the biological effect of steroid hormones follow quickly or slowly after hormone release

A

slowly, hours to days

39
Q

what other hormones require carrier proteins in blood

A

amine –> tyrosine –> thyroid

40
Q

in what state are lipophilic hormones transported across membranes

A

unbound

41
Q

what law tells us that as free hormone leaves the plasma more hormone is released from carriers

A

Law of Mass Action

42
Q

why do peptide and catecholamine hormones have short half lives

A

because they are unbound in blood and so are vulnerable to enzymatic degradation

43
Q

receptor response to prolonged low hormone level

A

increased sensitivty to hormone

44
Q

receptor response to prolong high hormone level

A

decreased sensitivity to hormone

45
Q

what is a permissive effect

A

when the presence of one hormone enhances the effect of another

46
Q

what hormone enhances the lypolysis of epinephrine

A

thyroid hormone

47
Q

how does thyroid hormone have its permissive effect

A

by increasing epinephrine receptor synthesis

48
Q

what is an anatgonistic effect

A

when the presence of one hormone reduces the effect of another

49
Q

what hormone reduced insulin response

A

growth hormone

50
Q

how does growth hormone reduce insulin response

A

by reducing the number of insulin receptors

51
Q

why is hormone monitoring done in 24hours

A

because hormone levels vary alot through the day, so a single snapshot, as from a blood test, may not give an accurate picture

Diabetes and Endocrine - Physiology (10 decks)

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