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Diabetes and Endocrine - Physiology > Normal Growth > Flashcards

Normal Growth Flashcards

1
Q

another name for somatotropin

A

growth hormone

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2
Q

two hypothalamic neurohormones that regulate growth hormone

A

GH-inhibiting hormone and GH-releasing hormone

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3
Q

after what age does GH become the main factor influencing growth

A

about 10 months

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4
Q

how does hypothyroidism stunt a childs growth

A

thyroid hormones have a permissive effect on GH

low thyroid levels –> low GH action

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5
Q

how does diabetes stunt a childs growth

A

insulin has a permissive effect on GH and so in diabetes where insulin is low GH is underactive

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6
Q

what is GH used for in adults

A

maintenance and tissue repair

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7
Q

what doe GH do to cell size and cell division

A

stimulation cell growth and cell division

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8
Q

the tropic action of GH stimulates what hormone

A

IGF-1, insulin-like growth

factor, from the liver

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9
Q

what is “insulin-like” about IGF-1

A

it has similar structure to pro-insulin and binds to very similar receptors

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10
Q

how does GH and IGF-1 exist in the blood

A

about half free and the other half bound to carrier proteins

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11
Q

effect of IGF-1 on GH

A

negative feedback on GH through acting on GHRH and GHIH accordingly, as well as on anterior pituitary

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12
Q

another name for IGF-1

A

somatomedin C

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13
Q

GH and IGF-1 actions on bone growth

A

growth hormone makes prechondrocytes in epiphyseal plates differentiate to chondrocytes. in the process they secret IGF-1, the IGF-1 then promotes the chondrocytes to further differentiate and produce cartilage

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14
Q

what effect of adolescence causes the epiphyseal plates to close

A

sex steroid hormones

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15
Q

effect of GH on gluconeogenesis

A

increases it

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16
Q

effect of GH on insulin

A

inhibition

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17
Q

how does GH aid lipolysis

A

by making adipocytes more sensitive to lipolytic stimuli

18
Q

why is GH said to be diabetogenic

A

because it raises blood glucose through an anti-insulin effect

19
Q

what actions make GH unlike cortisol and like insulin

A

increasing aa uptake and protein synthesis, essentially being anabolic

20
Q

what anabolic action does growth hormone not do that insulin does

A

increase glucose uptake

21
Q

what stage of life has the highest rates of GH secretion

A

teenage years

22
Q

what time of day is most GH released

A

in first two hours of sleep ( deep delta sleep)

23
Q

why is 24 hour monitoring necessary to get a true picture of GH levels

A

because it undergoes rapid spontaneous fluctuations so a single sample may be a very poor representation

24
Q

true/false IGF-1 varies with GH levels

A

false - they remains relatively constant despite spikes suggesting that IGF-1 has some kind of buffering ability

25
Q

oestrogen, testosterone, amino acid increase, stress, delta sleep and decreased energy supply to cells all have what effect on GHRH

A

stimulate GHRH secretion

26
Q

free fatty acids, REM sleep and cortisol all have what effect on GH secretion

A

inhibitory. these stimuli increase GHIH

27
Q

hormone periods through gorwth

A

thyroid a lot in early years
Androgens and oestrogens in later
GH prominent from infancy till end

28
Q

main hormones of intrauterine growth

A

Insulin and IGF-II

29
Q

what is cretinism

A

hypothyroidism from birth causing reduced permissive effects on GH. They have retarded growth and retain infantile facial features

30
Q

nutrition in growth

A

need adequate vitamins, minerals, calories and protein to support growth

31
Q

what is notable about infantile growth

A

episodic. huge growth spurts and then nothing.

32
Q

place of sex hormones in puberty

A

permissive to GH and so stimulate growth but then terminate growth in bones at epiphyseal plates

33
Q

what happens when GH is over secreted before epiphyseal plates fuse

A

they just grow and grow to be really big.

Pituitary giants

34
Q

what happens when GH is over secreted after the epiphyseal plates fuse

A

grow in ways other than in long bone, so no height increase.

but hands a feet and other flat short bones grow

35
Q

what is the most common cause of excessive GH secretion

A

an endcrine tumour of the pituitary gland

36
Q

deficiency of GHRH causes

A

dwarfism, can be treated with supplement GHRH

37
Q

What is Laron Dwarfism

A

target tissues are unresponsive to GH. They get increased GH the receptors will not respond and so IGF-1 won’t be released to inhibit GH through negative feedback loop

38
Q

What happens in precocious puberty

A

there is stimulation of GnRH and so sex hormones are secreted early and cause long bones epiphyseal plates to fuse, stunting their growth

39
Q

what differs, physically, between hypothyroid children and GH deficient children

A

hypothyroid children are short, fat and retain infantile faces, whereas GH deficient children have normal proportions but are just small

40
Q

effect on GH secretion when plasma glucose falls following insulin

A

GH secretion stimulated via GHRH.

GH then increases gluconeogenesis and makes insulin less effective

41
Q

effect on GH secretion when plasma amino acids rise after digestion

A

increased aa –> GHRH secretion –> GH secretion –> increased amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

Diabetes and Endocrine - Physiology (10 decks)

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