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The digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the digestive system?

A

the collective name for the alimentary. canal, some accessory organs and digestive processes

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2
Q

what are some functions of the digestive system?

A
  • prehension
  • mechanical breakdown of food
  • deglutition
  • peristalsis
  • chemical digestion of food
  • absorption of nutrients and water
  • elimination of waste
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3
Q

what is prehension?

A

gasping food with lips or mouth

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4
Q

what is deglutition?

A

swallowing

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5
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

wave contraction to move contents along

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6
Q

what are the main parts of thee digestive system?

A
  • the mouth
  • the pharynx
  • the oesophagus
  • the stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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7
Q

what are accessory organs?

A
  • organs that secrete enzymes and assimilate food stuffs
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8
Q

what are the four accessory organs?

A
  • four pairs of salivary glands
  • the pancreas
  • the liver
  • the gall bladder
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9
Q

where is the buccal cavity?

A

between teeth and cheeks

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10
Q

where is the central cavity?

A

between hard palate, teeth, gums and tongue

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11
Q

what is included in the hard palate?

A
  • incisive, palatine maxilla bone
  • upper surface = floor of nasal cavity
  • folds on surface to assist the tongue to direct food to pharynx
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12
Q

what is included in the soft palate?

A
  • soft tissue extension of hard palate
  • no bones
  • hangs freely between the oral and nasal cavities (creating the oropharynx and the nasopharynx)
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13
Q

what is included in the floor of the oral cavity?

A
  • mandible
  • mucosa which covers mandible, tongue, and forms part of gingiva
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14
Q

what is the crown of a tooth?

A

portion above the gum line

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14
Q

what is included in the sides of the oral cavity?

A
  • cheeks
  • covered with skin on outside
  • lined with mucous membranes
  • muscular
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15
Q

what is the root of a tooth?

A

portion below the gum line

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16
Q

what is the neck of a tooth?

A

where crown meets the root

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17
Q

what is the enamel of a tooth?

A

the hardest substance in the body,
covers the crown

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18
Q

what is the dentine of a tooh?

A

makes up majority of the tooth

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19
Q

what is the pulp cavity of a tooth?

A

the centre of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels

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20
Q

what is the cement of a tooth?

A

lines the root to hold tooth in place

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21
Q

what is the alveolus of a tooth?

A

tooth socket

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22
Q

what is gingiva?

A

gum

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23
Q

what is the peridontal ligament?

A

holds the tooth into the socket

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24
Q

what are incisors used for?

A

more important in rabbits
nibbling of food and grooming

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25
Q

what are canines used for?

A

Piercing of food,
holding onto prey

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26
Q

what are pre-molars used for?

A

shearing of food

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27
Q

what are molars used for?

A

shearing and grinding of food

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28
Q

how many deciduous and permanent teeth does a dog have?

A

deciduous - 28 teeth
permanent - 42 teeth

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29
Q

how many deciduous and permanent teeth does a cat have?

A

deciduous - 26 teeth
permanent - 30 teeth

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30
Q

how many deciduous and permanent teeth does a rabbit have?

A

deciduous - 16 teeth
permanent - 28 teeth

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31
Q

how many permanent teeth does a guinea pig have?

A

20 teeth

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32
Q

what are the functions of the tongue?

A
  • manipulation of food
  • tasting food via the taste buds
  • grooming
  • lapping liquids
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33
Q

what is the tongue?

A
  • muscular organ
  • body has a median groove
  • root attached to the pharynx
  • covered in thick mucous membrane
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34
Q

what artery and vein runs along the ventral surface of the tongue?

A

lingual

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35
Q

what is the pharynx?

A
  • opening to the resp and diges system
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36
Q

what is the nasopharynx?

A

internal openings of the nostrils

37
Q

what folds are on the sides of the base of the tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal folds

38
Q

what happens to the epiglottis during swollowing?

A

epiglottis closes and covers the trachea

39
Q

what are the four pairs of salivary glands?

A
  • zygomatic (ventral to orbit)
  • parotid (base of ear)
  • mandibular (angle of jaw)
  • sublingual (medial mandible)
40
Q

what is saliva stimulated by?

A

sight, smell and anticipation of food

41
Q

what is saliva composed of?

A

90% water, mucous, salt, ptyalin (enzyme)

42
Q

what are the functions of saliva?

A
  • lubricate and soften food
  • moisten mouth
  • temperature control when animal pants
43
Q

what is the oesophagus?

A

a narrow muscular tube that aids in digestion

44
Q

what are the four layers of the walls of the digestive tract?

A
  • serous coat (outer)
  • muscular layer (2 layers - outer longitudinal and inner)
  • submucosa - connective tissue
  • mucosa - stratified squamous epithelium
45
Q

what is the stomach?

A
  • large muscular and glandular organ with curved appearance
46
Q

where does the stomach lie when its empty and when it is full?

A

empty - lies against the liver
full - extends beyond the liver and to the left

47
Q

where does the spleen sit?

A

within the greater ometum

48
Q

what is the cardiac sphincter?

A

a muscular ring of tissue that stops food and liquid returning to that oesophagus from the stomach

49
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter prevent?

A
  • prevent entry of food into duodenum
  • prevents reflux in stomach
50
Q

what do rugae do?

A
  • increase surface area
  • flatten when full
51
Q

what 4 layers with modifications does the stomach have?

A
  • serous coat (outer)
  • muscular layer (3 layers - oblique, circular, longitudinal)
  • submucosa - connective tissue
  • mucosa - deep pits into which gastric juices are secreted from gastric glands
52
Q

what are the functions of the stomach?

A
  • digestion
  • storage of food
  • churning of food
  • antiseptic/bactericidal
53
Q

what are the three cells in relation to gastric juices?

A
  • goblet cell
  • chief cells
  • parietal/oxyntic cells
54
Q

what stimulates gastric juices?

A

hormone gastric which is produced as food enters the stomach

55
Q

what are goblet cells?

A
  • lie amongst epithelial cells
  • secrete protective mucus
56
Q

what are chief cells?

A

-found in fundus
- secrete enzyme precursors (pepsinogen and prorennin)

57
Q

what are pariental/oxyntic cells?

A
  • found in fundus
  • secrete hydrochloric acid and converts enzymes into active form (pepsinogen into pepsin)
58
Q

what do juices contain?

A

water and salt

59
Q

what is chyme?

A

juices and food create a semi fluid substance called chyme

60
Q

what is vomiting?

A

expulsion of stomach contents

61
Q

what is the mechanism of vomiting?

A
  • deep inspiration
  • closure of the glottis
  • elevation of soft palate
  • close resp tract
  • contraction of abdo and thoracic muscles
  • opening of sphincter
  • food forced up the oesophagus to the mouth
62
Q

what does excessive vomiting cause?

A
  • acid-base balance
  • dehydration
  • electrolyte imbalances
63
Q

what are the small intestines’ 4 layers?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularus mucosa
  • serosa
64
Q

what are Peyers patches and what do they do?

A
  • aggregations of lymphatic tissue that deal with bacteria
65
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
66
Q

what is the duodenum?

A
  • widest part of the small intestine
  • three ducts lead into it - two pancreatic and one bile
67
Q

what is the jejunum?

A
  • 2nd part of the SI
  • faster movement of food than ileum
68
Q

what is the ileum?

A
  • remainder of small intestine
  • modifications to 4 layer structure
  • submucosa - Brunner’s glands which produce alkaline fluid and mucous
  • mucosa - modified into villi which contain crypts of Lieberkuhn which produce digestive enzyme
69
Q

what is the pancreas?

A
  • mixed gland
  • between stomach and duodenum
70
Q

what is the largest portion of the pancreas and what does it produce?

A

exocrine which produces pancreatic juices

71
Q

what is produced in response to hormones in the pancreas?

A

pancreatic juice

72
Q

Gastrin is produced by what?

A

G-cells in the stomach

73
Q

where is cholecystokinin produced?

A

the duodenum

74
Q

what is in pancreatic juices?

A
  • bicarbonate
  • trypsinogen
  • trypsin
  • lipase
  • amylase
75
Q

what do pancreatic juices digest?

A

carbs and fat

76
Q

where is bile produced and stored?

A

produced in liver
stored in gallbladder

77
Q

where do bile pigments come from?

A

waste from liver (breakdown of blood pigments)

78
Q

what does delayed defacation cause?

A

constipation due to too much water absorption

79
Q

what does maltose convert into?

80
Q

what does sucrose convert into?

A

glucose and fructose

81
Q

what does lactose concert into?

A

glucose and galactose

82
Q

what does trypsinogen convert into?

83
Q

what does disaccharides convert into?

A

monosaccharides

84
Q

what cell structure are the outer layer of villi cells in the SI?

A

ciliated columnar cells

85
Q

what are some functions of the large intestine?

A
  • absorb water, salt and other secretions
  • excrete and store faeces
  • digestion in herbivores
86
Q

what is included in the large intestine?

A
  • caecum
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
87
Q

what is the caecum?

A

blind ending sac that breaks down veg matter in small animals

88
Q

what is the colon?

A

three parts
- ascending
- transverse
- descending

89
Q

what is the rectum?

A
  • short and wide
  • secured with muscle and soft tissue
  • first part covered with peritoneum
90
Q

what is the anal canal?

A

2 sets of sphincter muscles
- inner circular smooth muscle (involuntary)
- outer striated muscle (voluntary)

VN04 (13 decks)

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