Pharmaceutical groups Flashcards
what do antimicrobial medications treat?
infections caused by microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi
what are the 2 ways anti-bacterial drugs work?
- inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls or proteins/nucleic acids
- altering the permeability of bacterial cell walls
what are the two categories of anti-bacterial drugs?
bactericidal
bacteriostatic
what are some processes affected by anti-bacterial drugs?
- DNA synthesis
- protein synthesis
- biochemical transformations
- cell wall growth
- cell membrane function
what are broad and narrow spectrum anti-bacterial drugs?
broad are effective against a wide range and narrow are effective against a few specific bacteria
what does PROTECT ME stand for?
Prescribe when necessary
Reduce prophylaxis
Offer other options
Treat effectively
Employ narrow spectrum
Culture appropriately
Tailor practice policy
Monitor
Educate
what are beta-lactams?
- antibiotics
- bactericidal
- include all penicillins
- interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis from inside the bacterial cell
what is vancomycin and bacitracin?
- naturally occurring agents
- bactericidal
- narrow spectrum of activity
- interfere with cell wall synthesis from inside the bacterial cell
what are aminoglycosides?
- anti-microbials
- bactericidal
- include streptomycin, neomycin, and gentamicin
- inhibit protein synthesis within the bacterial cell by acting on ribosomes of a type only round in bacteria
what are tetracyclines?
- bacteriostatic
- inhibit protein synthesis
- taken up by bacterial cells
- excretions 60%urine 40%faeces
- bind to the ribosomes of susceptible organisms, interfere with. bacterial protein synthesis in growing or multiplying organisms
what are fluroquinolones?
- bacteriocidal
- broad
- include enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, pradofloxacin
- prevent the bacterial DNA uncoiling when it tries to reproduce
what are sulponamides?
- bacteriostatic
- interfere with DNA synthesis
what are anti-viral drugs?
- reduce the severity of viral infections but cannot kill
- highly toxic
- narrow therapeutic index
- viristatic
what are some examples of anti-epileptic?
- phenobarbitone
- primidone
- imepitoin
- potassium bromide
- levetiracetam
what are some anti-inflammatory drugs?
- corticosteroids (prednisolone, dexamethasone)
- NSAIDS
- anti-histamines
what is H1 responsible for?
blocking histamine actions (redness/swelling)
what is H2 responsible for?
gastric acid secretions
what are some side effects of steriods?
- decreased immune system
- hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus
- loss of muscle mass
- osteoporosis
what are some parasiticides?
- anti-protozoals (protozoal infections)
- anti-helmintics (parasitic worms)
-ectoparaciticides (infestation of ectoparasites)
what are some ways parasiticides work?
- kill parasites on the host
- interrupt breeding cycle of the parasite
- control environment populations of parasites reducing the chances of infestation
how can parasiticides be used?
- orally
- topically
- injected
- sprayed
what is imidaclopride?
-active ingredient in advantage + advocate
-lipophilic
- kills fleas on contact
-acts on insects nervous systems
what is flumethrin?
-flea collars for cats and dogs
- worn for 8 months
- repels and kills ticks
- active ingredient slowly released
what is spinosad?
- comfortis and trifexis
- caution with epileptic dogs
- kills fleas 30 mins after administration
what is fipronil?
- frontline
- kills fleas on contact
- topical
- high margin of safety
- NFA-VPS
what is frontline combo?
- POM-V
- animal and environment
- fipronil and methoprene
- prevents multiplication of fleas by inhibiting immature stages - eggs and larvae/pupae
what is indoxacarb?
- activyl
- kills fleas and larval stages
- topical
-POM-V - causes cessation of egg laying (paralysis and death)
what is permthrin?
- active ingredient in household flea sprays
- contact insecticide that kills and repels fleas and other insects
what is lufenuron?
- active ingredient of program
- works by preventing female fleas on the animal from breeding
- insect development inhibitor
what is afoxolaner, sarolaner and fluralaner?
- nexgard, easecto, bravecto
- active against fleas and ticks
- affects parasites nervous system
what is fibronil and selamectin?
ticks and mange mites
what is amitraz?
- demodex
- available as a concentrate or topical
- no chihuahuas, horses, cats, or fish
what are some endoparasiticides?
- praziquantel
- pyrantel embonate
- febantel
- emodepside
- milbemycin oxime
- fenbendazole
what are some endectosides?
- imidacloprid and permethrin
- imidacloprid and moxidectin
- spinosad and milbemycin
- selamectin
- fenbendazole
- ivermectin
what are some antiviral drugs?
- aciclovir (ocular signs of herpes in cats and horses)
- interferon
- remdesivir (blocks viral replication)
what are some antifungal medications?
- can be fungicidal and fungistatic
- griseofulvin
- ketoconazone (treat yeasts and fungi)
- itraconazole (dermatophyte infections)
what are some behaviour modifying drugs?
- benzodiazepines (anxiety and noise phobias)
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (OCD or anxiety)
- pheromones
what are some cardiovascular drugs effects?
- effecting rate/rhythm/force of contraction
- increase/decrease blood pressure
- reduce/increase tendency to clot
what are sympatheticomimetics?
increase HR
what are anti-dysrhythmics?
correct HR
what are positive isotropes?
increase the force of cardiac contractions
what are diuretics?
drugs that act on the kidneys in order to increase urine
what are loop diurectics?
- act on ascending loop of henle
- leads to an increase in excretion of sodium
