Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VN04 > Renal system > Flashcards

Renal system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the kidneys?

A

a pair of high pressure filtration organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where are the kidneys found?

A

in the retroperitoneum close to the dorsal body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are kidneys protected by?

A

the long transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a hilus and where is it found?

A

indentations on the medial border of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the kidneys surrounded by?

A

a tightly adherent fibrous capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the three main parts of the kidney?

A
  • outer cortex - vascular
  • inner medulla - less vascular
  • renal pelvis - structure in the centre of the kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is in the renal pelvis?

A

a collection space for urine before passed to ureters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the renal artery?

A
  • supplies the kidneys
  • branches off the aorta
  • forms capillaries which form the glomerulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a nephron and what is it formed by?

A
  • functional unit of the kidney
  • formed by blood vessels and glomerulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is formed by the capillaries in the renal artery?

A

glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

tuft of capillaries within. the bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does blood enter the glomerulus?

A

via the afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does blood leave the glomerulus?

A

via the efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is ultrafiltration?

A

when high blood pressure forces water and electrolytes, through holes in the wall of the glomerulus which are large enough to allow molecules such as urea and haemoglobin through but small enough to retain larger molecules like albumin, RBC, WBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the Bowman’s capsule?

A

a cup where the glonerulus sits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the bowmans capsule made up of?

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are podocytes?

A
  • specialised epithelial cells in the kidney
  • neighbour the bowmans capsule cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

drains the bowmans capsule and runs alongside the blood capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

salt, sodium, glucose, and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the loop of henle carry?

A
  • carries the filtrate into the medulla of the kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the loop of henle made up of?

A

two parts
- ascending
- descending

22
Q

what is reabsorbed in the loop of henle?

A

water, sodium and chloride

23
Q

what does the descending aspect of the loop of henle carry?

A

filtrate to medulla

24
Q

what leaves the loop of henle?

A

distal convoluted tubule

25
Q

what is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

sodium

26
Q

what is excreted in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

potassium and hydrogen

27
Q

why is hydrogen being excreted by the distal convoluted tubule important?

A

maintains acid-base balance

28
Q

what regulates sodium absorption and potassium excretion in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

aldosterone

29
Q

where is aldosterone produced?

A

renin-angiotension aldosterone pathway

30
Q

what hormones influence calcium ion reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • calcitonin (decreases reabsorption)
  • parathyroid (increases reabsorption)
31
Q

what does the distal convoluted tubule pass into?

A

collecting duct

32
Q

what does the collecting duct pass into?

A

the medulla of kidney and opens into renal pelvis

33
Q

what is the permeability of the walls of the collecting duct controlled by?

A

anti-diuretic hormone

34
Q

what happens if more water is absorbed in the walls of the collecting duct?

A

urine output will be reduced

35
Q

what is the fluid surrounding the collecting ducts called?

A

hypertonic

36
Q

what causes water to be drawn out of the filtrate in the collecting duct?

A

osmosis

37
Q

where does urine move to after the collecting ducts?

A

renal pelvis

38
Q

what is the vasa rectae?

A

capillaries that form a net like arrangement from blood vessels

39
Q

what are some functions of the renal system?

A
  • filtration
  • conversion of vit D
  • produces erythropoietin
  • production of renin
40
Q

what are the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

specialised cells that are responsible for the secretion of renin and erythropoietin

41
Q

what is renin?

A
  • produced by the liver
  • has two effects (vasocontriction) and (stimulating the release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex)
42
Q

what converts angiotensin 1 in to angiotensin 2?

A

ACE

43
Q

what stimulates red bone marrow to make red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin

44
Q

what is the normal pH of bodily fluids?

A

7.4

45
Q

where can the kidneys regulate pH through?

A

cells in the distal convoluted tubule

46
Q

what are the three processes to do with drug excretion?

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular secretion
  • tubule reabsorption
47
Q

where do secretions enter kidney tubule from?

A
  • tubular secretion
  • involves 2 carrier systems (basic carriers for basic drugs (acidic carriers for acidic drugs)
48
Q

systemic clearance =

A

rate of elimination / serum concentration

49
Q

what is renal clearance?

A

the total amount of drug excreted over a specific time

50
Q

what do the kidneys do regarding homeostasis?

A

control amount of water, ions, substances by excreting them in urine

51
Q

what is secreted to help maintain homeostasis?

A

hormones

VN04 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions