The development of the EU Flashcards

1
Q

What makes the EU a unique regional organisation?

A

It has lots of powerful supranational institutions and economic and political integration

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2
Q

Define integration

A

The process of coordinating the activities of different states through common institutions and policies

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3
Q

What was founded in 1952?

A

The European coal and steel community

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4
Q

What was the European Coal and Steel Community?

A

A supranational organisation that had decision making powers independent of its member states

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5
Q

What does it mean for an organisation to be supranational?

A

It has authority independent of national governments

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6
Q

How is a supranational organisation different from an intergovernmental organisation?

A

Because in governmental organisations, states cooperate voluntarily and can veto proposals, whereas supranational bodies have a higher status than their member states and impose regulations upon them

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7
Q

What was formed in 1958?

A

The European Economic Community (EEC)

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8
Q

Explain how the EEC came to be?

A

The six founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community founded it under the Treaty of Rome. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) began in 1962 and a customs union followed in 1968 when internal tariffs were removed an a common external tariff was created

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9
Q

What is a tariff?

A

A tax on goods and services coming in from another country

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10
Q

When did the UK join the EEC?

A

1973

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11
Q

Define enlargement

A

The expansion of the EU to include new member states

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12
Q

What did the 1985 Single European Act do?

A

Created the single European market and prompted a greater role in social and regional policy for the EEC. Unanimity was replaced by qualified majority voting on single market legislation

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13
Q

Define unanimity

A

A voting arrangement where all states must agree for an act to be passed

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14
Q

Define qualified majority voting

A

Proposals must win a set number of votes in order to be passed, in this case a simple majority

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15
Q

What did the 1991 Maastricht Treaty do

A

Created the EU and set a timetable for the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Increased intergovernmental cooperation on foreign and security policy, as well as in justice and home affairs

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16
Q

What was the economic and monetary union?

A

The creation of single currency, central bank and common monetary policy

17
Q

What did the 1997 Amsterdam Treaty do?

A

Created an area of ‘freedom, security and justice’

18
Q

When was the EMU established?

A

1999

19
Q

How was the EMU established?

A

11 states abolished their national currencies and adopted the euro. The eurozone had expanded to 19 states by 2015

20
Q

What did the 2001 Nice Treaty do?

A

Created a European security and defence policy and introduced institutional reforms ahead of enlargement

21
Q

How many more states joined in the 2004 enlargement?

A

10

22
Q

What did the 2007 Lisbon Treaty do?

A

Further reformed EU institutions

23
Q

What prompted the reforms brought about under the 2007 Lisbon Treaty?

A

Rejection of the EU Constitutional Treaty in referendums in France and the Netherlands

24
Q

Explain how the EU came into crisis in 2009

A

Greece, Ireland, Spain, Portugal and Cyprus had to be bailed out by the EU and IMF after running up large debts. These states were required to introduce austerity measures in turn

25
Q

What did the EU do in response to the 2015 migrant crisis affecting its member states?

A

Introduced measures to tackle people smuggling and relocate asylum seekers

26
Q

Why is Brexit so significant for the EU?

A

Because the UK is the only member state to have left