The Crusades Flashcards
What are crusades and who fought in them? How many crusades were there?
Crusades: military expedition
Crusader: one who fights for a religious cause
Eight official crusades including one children’s crusade
What happened in 1095?
Seljuk Turks take religion (Christian vs. Muslim)
Who fought in crusades and what were their goals?
Pope Urban III goals: show his power, get rid of problem knights, reunite east and west
Knights: receive forgiveness of sins, win glory, get riches
Merchants: take control of trade routes, profitable loans made to fund the crusades
First Crusade (4)
- 1097
- most successful
- Edessa to Jerusalem: four crusader states
- took back Jerusalem
Second Crusade (4)
- 1144
- colossal failure
- failed to free any christian cities
- muslim leader Saladin took back Edessa and Jerusalem
Third Crusade (4)
- kings crusade
- Philip of France: argued with Richard, gets fever and never actually fights
- Frederick Barbosa of Germany: drowns before he could fight
- 1192: Richard the Lionhearted of England: made truce with Saladin and won won dame, christian pilgrims allowed to go to Jerusalem
Fourth Crusade (5)
- 1204: Pope Innocent III
- goal was to rescue Jersualem
- merchants of Venice agreed to pay for it if Zara would be taken out
- Innocent III excommunicated the crusaders for eliminating Zara instead of Jerusalem
- crusaders attack Constantinople
Children’s crusade (5)
- children ages 8-13
- France: let by Stephen who though he had a letter from Jesus telling him to fight
- Germany: Led by Nicholas (a shepherd boy) who though he saw a vision from Jesus
- mix of fiction and reality
- results: french children into slavery, most german children died marching across the Alps, the children were an example of complete devotion to Jesus
Spanish Crusade (3)
- Muslims called Moors control Spain
- spanish try to capture Spain in a campaign known as Reconquista
- 1492: Christians dominate Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella rule
What was Inquisition? (3)
- court used by church to suppress heresy
- tortured and burned heretics
- jews and muslims targeted
Effects of the Crusades (6)
- demonstrated the power of the church
- gave merchants influence
- gained trade contact with the East
- new foods and textiles appeared in markets/fairs in Europe
- left Muslims with little or no change; still hated Christians
- Crusades spark age of discovery: muslims kept Europeans from expanding eastward, europeans turned westward and discovered the new world
Results of Technological Advances (5)
- increased agriculture productivity
- increase in population
- growth of towns
- change in influence*
- guilds form*
Change in Influence (7)
- feudalism
- knights: those who fought
- priests: those who prayed
- peasants: those who worked the land
- middle class: formed as a separate group, new
- burghers: individuals of a walled up town in middle east, new
- Bourgeoisie: collection of middle class individuals, new
Guilds Form (3)
- organization of business individuals looking to improve economic and social conditions for its members
- Merchants were the first guild, they controlled prices and provided security
- guilds became powerful forces in medieval economy
Who fought in the battle of Hastings and when was it?
1066
France and England
Battle of Hastings (3)
- England’s Harold Godwinson loses to William the Conquerer of France
- England ruled by France
- Last time England successfully invaded
Hundred Years War (3)
- 1337-1453
- fought over land
- France attempted to confiscate English territories in Aquitaine, France
Results of Hundred Years War (6)
- French expel English out of Aquitaine
- Knights and castles become unnecessary and obsolete
- New Weapons (long bow and cannon)
- Joan of Arc
- gained fame at battle of Orleans
- inspired Charles the Dauphin to be king
5 changes in Europe because of Hundred Years War
- Nationalism emerges
- Church weakens
- Feudalism is fading
- Chivalry is dead
- The rise of a Nationstate: people who occupy a territory and are united under one government
The Great Schism
- King Philip of France: demands people pay taxes but Pope Benefice VIII refuses and is beaten
- Pope never again has as much power
- Pope moves to Avignon, France, farther away means less power
- Cardinals elect two popes: Pope Urban VI and Robert of Geneva
How to fix the great Schism
- suggestion box with 10,000 responses
- Abdicate
- Compromise
- Hold the council of constance
Hold the council of Constance
- forced two popes to resign and elect a new one
- John Wycliffe condemned
- John Huss burned at the stake
John Wycliffe (5) and Huss
Wycliffe: taught Jesus was head of the church, not the pope, the clergy shouldn’t own land or have wealth, Bible was final authority not pope, wrote english version of Bible, known as “morning star of the reformation”
Huss: from Czechoslovakia, taught that the bible was higher authority than the Pope, excommunicated and burned at the stake
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Married to Henry II and they received a large territory of France
Who introduced the jury system and what was it?
- Henry II
- 12 neighbors of the accused would testify
- considered democratic because peers of the accused would be involved
Magna Carta
guaranteed what are now considered basic legal rights and limited the power of the king
