Enlightenment Flashcards
Philisophes (5)
- French word for philosophers
- People who sought knowledge
- Separation of church and state is a must
- Social Critics of the period, not just scientists
- Five core beliefs
Five Core Beliefs
- Reason: Truth discovered through reason
- Nature: natural laws that are good and reasonable
- Happiness: believed happiness was possible here and now
- Progress: society can improve
- Liberty: envied that Liberties that the English had won in the Glorious Revolution
Isaac Newton (7)
-last and greatest of the Scientific Revolution
-first enlightened thinker
-discovered gravitation
^motion in heaven and earth linked
-Book Principia offered proof of his hypothesis that God was the creator of this orderly universe
^God as a clockmaker
^deism
John Locke (4)
- people learn from experiences and improve
- natural rights: life, liberty, property
- government must protect people’s natural rights
- people can rebel if government fails to protect rights
Thomas Hobbes (3)
- taught that the people want monarchy to be safe from anarchy
- Hobbes wrote a book: Leviathan (means sea monster)
- Idea of a social contract: agreement between people and government
Voltaire (3)
- wrote Candied
- fought for tolerance, freedom of religion and speech
- “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”
Montesquieu (4)
- believed power should check power
- said Britain’s three branches of government was the best: Judicial, Executive, Legislative
- Book: on the spirit of laws
Rousseau (5)
- enlightened thinker of individual liberty
- “man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains”
- liberty is every person’s birthright
- only legitimate government: ruled with consent of people, government ruled for the good of the community
- believed in a direct democracy
Baccaria (2)
- laws were to preserve order - not avenge crimes
- wanted to abolish capital punishment and torture
Wollstonecraft (4)
-book: a vindication of the rights of woman
^women need education just like men
^encourage to enter politics and medicine
-condem those who “either destroy the embryo in the womb or cast it off when born”
Legacy of the Enlightenment (5)
- rejected the older ideas of authority like absolutism and the divine right of kings
- belief in progress
- gave rise to secular, non-religious outlook
- individualism and independence as reason takes center stage
- the ideas laid the foundation for American and French revolution
Geo-centric vs Helio-centric
Geo= earth centered universe Helio= sun centered universe
Copernicus
scientist that reasoned that sun was center of the universe
scientific method
logical method for gathering and testing ideas
Boyle
- founder of modern chemistry
- proposed that matter was made up of small elements
Bacon
created the experimental method
Descartes
creator of analytical geometry
“i think, therefore I am”
Galen
studied bodies of pigs and other animals, never human bodies but believed they were similar