Enlightenment Flashcards
Philisophes (5)
- French word for philosophers
- People who sought knowledge
- Separation of church and state is a must
- Social Critics of the period, not just scientists
- Five core beliefs
Five Core Beliefs
- Reason: Truth discovered through reason
- Nature: natural laws that are good and reasonable
- Happiness: believed happiness was possible here and now
- Progress: society can improve
- Liberty: envied that Liberties that the English had won in the Glorious Revolution
Isaac Newton (7)
-last and greatest of the Scientific Revolution
-first enlightened thinker
-discovered gravitation
^motion in heaven and earth linked
-Book Principia offered proof of his hypothesis that God was the creator of this orderly universe
^God as a clockmaker
^deism
John Locke (4)
- people learn from experiences and improve
- natural rights: life, liberty, property
- government must protect people’s natural rights
- people can rebel if government fails to protect rights
Thomas Hobbes (3)
- taught that the people want monarchy to be safe from anarchy
- Hobbes wrote a book: Leviathan (means sea monster)
- Idea of a social contract: agreement between people and government
Voltaire (3)
- wrote Candied
- fought for tolerance, freedom of religion and speech
- “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”
Montesquieu (4)
- believed power should check power
- said Britain’s three branches of government was the best: Judicial, Executive, Legislative
- Book: on the spirit of laws
Rousseau (5)
- enlightened thinker of individual liberty
- “man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains”
- liberty is every person’s birthright
- only legitimate government: ruled with consent of people, government ruled for the good of the community
- believed in a direct democracy
Baccaria (2)
- laws were to preserve order - not avenge crimes
- wanted to abolish capital punishment and torture
Wollstonecraft (4)
-book: a vindication of the rights of woman
^women need education just like men
^encourage to enter politics and medicine
-condem those who “either destroy the embryo in the womb or cast it off when born”
Legacy of the Enlightenment (5)
- rejected the older ideas of authority like absolutism and the divine right of kings
- belief in progress
- gave rise to secular, non-religious outlook
- individualism and independence as reason takes center stage
- the ideas laid the foundation for American and French revolution
Geo-centric vs Helio-centric
Geo= earth centered universe Helio= sun centered universe
Copernicus
scientist that reasoned that sun was center of the universe
scientific method
logical method for gathering and testing ideas
Boyle
- founder of modern chemistry
- proposed that matter was made up of small elements
Bacon
created the experimental method
Descartes
creator of analytical geometry
“i think, therefore I am”
Galen
studied bodies of pigs and other animals, never human bodies but believed they were similar
Celsius + Farenhiet
Farenhiet was first, both were used for calculating temperature
Jenner
Vaccine for smallpox
Torricelli
developed first mercury barometer for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather
Kepler
concluded that certain mathematical laws govern the movement of planets and that they revolve in orbitals
Galileo
built his own telescope
Brahe
recorded planet’s movements and predicted accurate data
Versalius
proved Galen wrong, suggested human and published a book, published book on his findings with drawings and diagrams
Harvey
figured how human heart functions
Janssen
made microscope
Leeuwenhoek
used microscope to observe bacteria
Secular Emphasis
-look critically at society to improve it
Spirit of Scientific Revolution (2)
- everything tested by the standard of reason
- application of science + reason to understanding the world
Salons (4)
- helped spread ideas
- discussed enlightened ideas
- letter writing helped move things along
- women were a part of discussions
Marie-Therese Geoffrin (4)
- most famous salon hostess
- weekly dinners
- generous
- sympathetic listener
Diderot (5)
-wrote the encyclopedia
^ a collection of articles from enlightened thinkers
-said science + reason brought more than religion
^angered church and government officials
Baroque (4)
- grand and ornate style (music)
- neoclassical (1700’s)
- new and lighter style
- Haydon, Mozart + Beethoven, Viennese trio
Literature (4)
-novels
^carefully crafted plots
-Richardson’s Pancela is the first true american novel
-henry fielding’s : Tom Jones orphan who travels the world to win his lady
Enlightenment spreads though monarchs (2)
- enlightened despots
- Frederick the great of Persia
Frederick the Great of Persia (4)
^built prussia into a power
^close friends with Voltaire
-argued over Fredrick’s militarism
^called himself “servant of the state”
Joseph 2 of Austria (4)
- ended serfdom by having serfs paid
- supported freedom of religion
- made elementary education mandatory
- lover and patron of the arts
Catherine the Great of Russia (7)
-well education, allowed education
-reforms included hospitals and vaccinations
-expanded Russian empire
^poland and black sea
-wanted to abolish serfdom
^offended by serf uprising
^never abolished serfdom
Legacy of Enlightened Despots (3)
- made economic reforms
- favored religious toleration
- made changes useful for society
King George 3 (4)
- king who lost the colonies
- makes the navigation acts
- colonists trade only with Britain
- colonists pay high taxes on imports
French and Indian War (6)
- created debt for the British
- stamp act to pay debt
- official stamp for printed materials
- colonists rebel
- “no taxation without representation”
- violation of natural rights
Sons of Liberty (3)
-Motto: Join or Die
-the American colonists were told that they would have to let the soldiers live in their homes
^that made colonists unhappy
1173 (3)
Boston Tea Party- hosted by sons of liberty
cause: tax on tea
result: British troops close the port of Boston
1774 (3)
First Continental Congress
- sent a list of complaints to King George
- King ignored them
April 19, 1775 (4)
Americans fight Births for first time
-“shot heard around the world”
^in Lexington, Massachusetts
-George Washington named leader of American Army
1776 (5)
- Declaration of Independence signed
- “people have the right to rebel against an unjust ruler” ~John Locke
- Thomas Jefferson wrote DoI
- DoI severed ties between colonists and Britain
- King George and Britain saw it as treason
