Enlightenment Flashcards

1
Q

Philisophes (5)

A
  • French word for philosophers
  • People who sought knowledge
  • Separation of church and state is a must
  • Social Critics of the period, not just scientists
  • Five core beliefs
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2
Q

Five Core Beliefs

A
  1. Reason: Truth discovered through reason
  2. Nature: natural laws that are good and reasonable
  3. Happiness: believed happiness was possible here and now
  4. Progress: society can improve
  5. Liberty: envied that Liberties that the English had won in the Glorious Revolution
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3
Q

Isaac Newton (7)

A

-last and greatest of the Scientific Revolution
-first enlightened thinker
-discovered gravitation
^motion in heaven and earth linked
-Book Principia offered proof of his hypothesis that God was the creator of this orderly universe
^God as a clockmaker
^deism

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4
Q

John Locke (4)

A
  • people learn from experiences and improve
  • natural rights: life, liberty, property
  • government must protect people’s natural rights
  • people can rebel if government fails to protect rights
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5
Q

Thomas Hobbes (3)

A
  • taught that the people want monarchy to be safe from anarchy
  • Hobbes wrote a book: Leviathan (means sea monster)
  • Idea of a social contract: agreement between people and government
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6
Q

Voltaire (3)

A
  • wrote Candied
  • fought for tolerance, freedom of religion and speech
  • “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”
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7
Q

Montesquieu (4)

A
  • believed power should check power
  • said Britain’s three branches of government was the best: Judicial, Executive, Legislative
  • Book: on the spirit of laws
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8
Q

Rousseau (5)

A
  • enlightened thinker of individual liberty
  • “man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains”
  • liberty is every person’s birthright
  • only legitimate government: ruled with consent of people, government ruled for the good of the community
  • believed in a direct democracy
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9
Q

Baccaria (2)

A
  • laws were to preserve order - not avenge crimes

- wanted to abolish capital punishment and torture

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10
Q

Wollstonecraft (4)

A

-book: a vindication of the rights of woman
^women need education just like men
^encourage to enter politics and medicine
-condem those who “either destroy the embryo in the womb or cast it off when born”

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11
Q

Legacy of the Enlightenment (5)

A
  • rejected the older ideas of authority like absolutism and the divine right of kings
  • belief in progress
  • gave rise to secular, non-religious outlook
  • individualism and independence as reason takes center stage
  • the ideas laid the foundation for American and French revolution
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12
Q

Geo-centric vs Helio-centric

A
Geo= earth centered universe
Helio= sun centered universe
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13
Q

Copernicus

A

scientist that reasoned that sun was center of the universe

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14
Q

scientific method

A

logical method for gathering and testing ideas

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15
Q

Boyle

A
  • founder of modern chemistry

- proposed that matter was made up of small elements

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16
Q

Bacon

A

created the experimental method

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17
Q

Descartes

A

creator of analytical geometry

“i think, therefore I am”

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18
Q

Galen

A

studied bodies of pigs and other animals, never human bodies but believed they were similar

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19
Q

Celsius + Farenhiet

A

Farenhiet was first, both were used for calculating temperature

20
Q

Jenner

A

Vaccine for smallpox

21
Q

Torricelli

A

developed first mercury barometer for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather

22
Q

Kepler

A

concluded that certain mathematical laws govern the movement of planets and that they revolve in orbitals

23
Q

Galileo

A

built his own telescope

24
Q

Brahe

A

recorded planet’s movements and predicted accurate data

25
Q

Versalius

A

proved Galen wrong, suggested human and published a book, published book on his findings with drawings and diagrams

26
Q

Harvey

A

figured how human heart functions

27
Q

Janssen

A

made microscope

28
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

used microscope to observe bacteria

29
Q

Secular Emphasis

A

-look critically at society to improve it

30
Q

Spirit of Scientific Revolution (2)

A
  • everything tested by the standard of reason

- application of science + reason to understanding the world

31
Q

Salons (4)

A
  • helped spread ideas
  • discussed enlightened ideas
  • letter writing helped move things along
  • women were a part of discussions
32
Q

Marie-Therese Geoffrin (4)

A
  • most famous salon hostess
  • weekly dinners
  • generous
  • sympathetic listener
33
Q

Diderot (5)

A

-wrote the encyclopedia
^ a collection of articles from enlightened thinkers
-said science + reason brought more than religion
^angered church and government officials

34
Q

Baroque (4)

A
  • grand and ornate style (music)
  • neoclassical (1700’s)
  • new and lighter style
  • Haydon, Mozart + Beethoven, Viennese trio
35
Q

Literature (4)

A

-novels
^carefully crafted plots
-Richardson’s Pancela is the first true american novel
-henry fielding’s : Tom Jones orphan who travels the world to win his lady

36
Q

Enlightenment spreads though monarchs (2)

A
  • enlightened despots

- Frederick the great of Persia

37
Q

Frederick the Great of Persia (4)

A

^built prussia into a power
^close friends with Voltaire
-argued over Fredrick’s militarism
^called himself “servant of the state”

38
Q

Joseph 2 of Austria (4)

A
  • ended serfdom by having serfs paid
  • supported freedom of religion
  • made elementary education mandatory
  • lover and patron of the arts
39
Q

Catherine the Great of Russia (7)

A

-well education, allowed education
-reforms included hospitals and vaccinations
-expanded Russian empire
^poland and black sea
-wanted to abolish serfdom
^offended by serf uprising
^never abolished serfdom

40
Q

Legacy of Enlightened Despots (3)

A
  • made economic reforms
  • favored religious toleration
  • made changes useful for society
41
Q

King George 3 (4)

A
  • king who lost the colonies
  • makes the navigation acts
  • colonists trade only with Britain
  • colonists pay high taxes on imports
42
Q

French and Indian War (6)

A
  • created debt for the British
  • stamp act to pay debt
  • official stamp for printed materials
  • colonists rebel
  • “no taxation without representation”
  • violation of natural rights
43
Q

Sons of Liberty (3)

A

-Motto: Join or Die
-the American colonists were told that they would have to let the soldiers live in their homes
^that made colonists unhappy

44
Q

1173 (3)

A

Boston Tea Party- hosted by sons of liberty

cause: tax on tea
result: British troops close the port of Boston

45
Q

1774 (3)

A

First Continental Congress

  • sent a list of complaints to King George
  • King ignored them
46
Q

April 19, 1775 (4)

A

Americans fight Births for first time
-“shot heard around the world”
^in Lexington, Massachusetts
-George Washington named leader of American Army

47
Q

1776 (5)

A
  • Declaration of Independence signed
  • “people have the right to rebel against an unjust ruler” ~John Locke
  • Thomas Jefferson wrote DoI
  • DoI severed ties between colonists and Britain
  • King George and Britain saw it as treason