industrial revolution Flashcards
Four changes in farming
1: enclosure movement
2: crop rotation
3: Jethro Tull
4: Improving Livestock
enclosure movement (2)
- forced farmers to improve farming techniques
- small farmers move to city to work in factories
crop rotation (2)
- encouraged by Charles Townshend
- no long leave on field fallow
Jethro Tull (2)
- influence bt Enlightenment ideas which led to observe and question
- invents the seed drill
Improving Livestock (5)
- Robert Bakewell
- revolutionized sheep and cow breeding
- developed sheep with better wool and more meat
- developed longhorn cows for meat
- bred only the best animals
Two effects of scientific farming
- more food
- increase in population - more laborers - allows cities to grow / urbanization
Urbanization (4)
-urban (cities) areas double in size
-caused by industrialization of textile industry
^first type of work industrialized in Britain
-middle class grows skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealth farmers
Four reasons industrial revolution begins in england
1: large populations of workers
2: extensive natural resources
3: an expanding economy to support industrialization
4: stable government
3 changes in transportation
1: canals
2: roads
3: railroads
- improved transportation results in enlarged market for industry
canals (2)
- man made waterways
- connected bodies of water to move goods easier
roads (4)
-McAdam surface
^John McAdam
-drainage system
-roads help move goods more quickly
railroads (4)
-Richard Trevithick
^steam engine reached 5mph
-George Stephenson
^the rocket (steam engine/24mph)
Adam Smith (4)
- influenced by Diderot’s Encyclopedia
- advocate of free trade
- laissez faire: “let do” or “let people do as they please in business”
- his book: thee wealth of nations
Adam Smith’s 3 natural laws of economics
1: law of self interest
2: law of competition
3: law of supply & demand
Jeremy Bentham (7)
-introduce utilitarianism
-everything judged on its usefulness
-government should promote the greatest good for the greatest number
-utilitarianism was supported by John Mill
^wanted a more equal division of profits
^favored a cooperative system of agriculture
^favored women’s rights
Capitalism (3)
- Thomas Malthus & David Ricardo-fathers of capitalism
- capitalism: economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested to make a profit
- Smith, Malthus, & Ricardo opposed government with poor and are advocated of Lassiez faire
Robert Owen (7)
-utopianism
-perfect living place
-provided housing
-provided education
-moved to America
^new harmony founded
^lasted 3 years
Middle Class Reform (9)
-reform bill 1832 ^rich middle class men could vote ^gave new industrial cities more representatives in Parliament -factory reform act 1833 ^passed by Parliament ^no one under age 9 could be hired ^9-13 year old could only work 8 hours ^14-18 year olds could only work 12 hours -mine act of 1842 was similar
Workers experience reform (6)
-chartist movement
^1838-1918
^wanted voting rights for all 21 year old males
^eventually all 21 year old males could
^secret ballots
^end property requirement to be in Parliament benefitting factory owners
Queen Victoria Brings Change (3)
- queen for nearly 64 years
- parliament and the prime minister uncreased their control in england
- monarch becomes more symbolic
In the US (7)
1842
-Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
^argued for women’s rights
*assembly
*attend college
*child custody after divorce
*believed in the worth of human life (no abortion rights)
Change for Women (8)
-1890 - no country had universal suffrage
-reasons vote withheld
^tradition: women never voted
^women lacked political ability
-Emmeline Pankhurst
^founder of the women’s social and political union
^1918-women age 30 could vote
^1928-all women could vote (age 21)
industrialization in US (2)
- textile industry was first with samel slater, francis lowell, and moses brown
- shoe making was industrialized
rise of corporations (2)
- entrepreneurs sold stock and used money to support businesses - share in profits, not debt
- corporations made big profit with mass production by reducing production costs, ex: rockefeller/carnegie
industrialization in belgium (2)
- belgium led Europe in adopting Britain’s new technology (William Cockerel)
- Belgium had abundant natural resources and waterways for transportation
industrialization in germany
- germany copied british model to begin industrialization in 1835
- railroads built and became industrial and military giant
growing global inequality (2)
- gap between industrialized countries and non-industrialized countries widened for natural resources
- Britain was the first to exploit its overseas colonies for resources and markets
transformation of society (2)
- industrialization affects everyone: workers suffer hardship but improved long-term
- rise of prosperous middle class led to better education and greater democratic participation
