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AS Geography > The Concept of Hazards in a Geographical Context > Flashcards

The Concept of Hazards in a Geographical Context Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of hazards?

A
  • Geophysical
  • Hydrological
  • Atmospheric
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2
Q

What are examples of geophysical hazards?

A
  • Earthquakes
  • Volcanic eruptions
  • Tsunamis
  • Landslides
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3
Q

What are examples of hydrological hazards?

A
  • Flooding
  • Mudslides
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4
Q

What are examples of atmospheric hazards?

A
  • Hurricanes
  • Tornadoes
  • Extreme heat
  • Drought
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5
Q

What does Degg’s Model show?

A

A natural hazard only becomes a disaster when there is a vulnerable population present.

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6
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

A natural event which threatens people and the built environment.

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7
Q

What are the UN’s criteria for a natural disaster?

A
  • 10+ deaths
  • 100+ injuries
  • Declared state of emergency
  • Call for international assistance
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8
Q

What are small-scale pressures affecting hazard impacts?

A
  • Lack of education and training
  • Food insecurity
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9
Q

What are large-scale pressures affecting hazard impacts?

A
  • Rapid population growth
  • Rapid urbanisation
  • Large outstanding debt
  • Unsustainable exploitation (e.g. deforestation)
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10
Q

What is hazard perception?

A

The way in which people view the threat of a hazard.

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11
Q

Which five factors affect hazard perception?

A
  • Wealth
  • Experience
  • Education
  • Religion and belief
  • Mobility
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12
Q

What is fatalism?

A

A passive response to a hazard which states that natural hazards are a part of life and the losses should be accepted.

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13
Q

What is prediction?

A

An active response to a hazard which uses past events and scientific evidence to reduce the impacts of a hazard.

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14
Q

What is adaptation?

A

An active response to a hazard in which lifestyle choices are adjusted to reduce vulnerability.

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15
Q

What is mitigation?

A

An active response to a hazard where strategies are carried out to reduce the impacts of a hazard.

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16
Q

What is management?

A

An active response to a hazard where strategies are coordinated to reduce hazard impacts.

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17
Q

What is risk sharing?

A

An active response to a hazard is a form of community preparedness where communities invest collectively to mitigate hazard impacts.

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18
Q

What is hazard incidence?

A
  • The frequency of a hazard
  • More frequent hazards are harder to predict and implement management strategies.
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19
Q

What is hazard distribution?

A
  • Where hazards occur geographically
  • Hazard hotspots have adapted and have many management strategies
20
Q

What is intensity?

A
  • The power of a hazard
  • Depends on the distance from the hazard
21
Q

What is magnitude?

A
  • The size of a hazard
  • Used as a measure of intensity and has a specific value
22
Q

Why is level of development important in hazard response?

A

HICs are able to implement more effective mitigation strategies than LICs.

23
Q

What are the two models of hazard response?

A
  • Park Model
  • Hazard Management Cycle
24
Q

What is the Park Model?

A

A graphical representation of human responses to hazards.

25
Q

What does the Park Model show?

A

The sequence of phases following a hazard event which was economically and socially disruptive.

26
Q

In which 3 ways can quality of life change in the Park Model?

A
  • Improving
  • Return to normality
  • Deterioration
27
Q

What happens in Stage 1 of the Park Model?

A

Relief
- Immediate local response including search and rescue
- Immediate appeal for international aid (e.g. MSF, International Rescue Committee)

28
Q

What happens in Stage 2 of the Park Model?

A

Rehabilitation
- Services restored
- Temporary shelters and hospitals
- Food and water distributed
- Coordinated foreign aid

29
Q

What happens in Stage 3 of the Park Model?

A

Reconstruction
- Restoring the area to the same or better QoL
- Rebuilding infrastructure
- Mitigation strategies implemented for future hazards

30
Q

What does the Hazard Management Cycle show?

A

The stages of responding to events, highlighting how the same stages take place after all hazards.

31
Q

What are the four stages of the Hazard Management Cycle?

A
  • Preparedness
  • Response
  • Recovery
  • Mitigation
32
Q

What are the five factors which affect the usefulness of hazard response models?

A
  • Complexity
  • Inclusion of level of development
  • Time scale
  • Vagueness
  • Impact of climate change
33
Q

What is an example of hazard adaptation?

A

Building hazard-resistant infrastructure, such as aseismic buildings.

34
Q

What are examples of hazard mitigation?

A
  • Land-use zoning
  • Floodplain protection
  • Property relocation
  • Public outreach
35
Q

What are examples of hazard management?

A
  • Planning evacuation routes
  • Cooperation of monitoring services (e.g. NOAA, National Hurricane Centre)
36
Q

What is an example of risk sharing?

A

New Zealand
- Increased cooperation between the National Emergency Management Agency and the government since 2014
- Insurance investment to implement mitigation strategies

37
Q

Which three factors contribute to a natural hazard becoming a natural disaster?

A
  • Risk
  • Vulnerability
  • Resilience
38
Q

What is hazard risk?

A

The probability of a hazard occurring and causing widespread disruption.

39
Q

What is hazard vulnerability?

A

The risk of exposure to hazards as well as the capacity to cope with them.

40
Q

What is hazard resilience?

A

The ability of a community to absorb a hazard and continue to function.

41
Q

What is the PAR Model?

A

Pressure and Release Model.

42
Q

What does the PAR Model highlight?

A

The importance of socio-economic characteristics in determining hazard vulnerability.

43
Q

What are the three sections of the PAR Model?

A
  • Root causes
  • Dynamic pressures
  • Unsafe conditions
44
Q

What are examples of root causes of vulnerability in the PAR Model?

A
  • Low access to resources
  • Limited influence in decision making
  • Poor governance and a weak economic system
45
Q

What are examples of dynamic pressures leading to vulnerability in the PAR Model?

A
  • Lack of education, training and investment
  • Rapid population change and urbanisation
46
Q

What are examples of unsafe conditions leading to vulnerability in the PAR Model?

A
  • Poor construction standards
  • Unsafe infrastructure
  • Poverty
  • Lack of social safety net

AS Geography (29 decks)

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