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AS Geography > Glaciated Landscape Development > Flashcards

Glaciated Landscape Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is a corrie and how is it formed? (E)

A
  • Armchair-shaped rock basin found on the N and E slopes of mountains
  • Snow is compacted in a hollow and erodes the hollow through nivation, abrasion, plucking and rotational slip
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2
Q

What is an aréte and how is it formed? (E)

A
  • Steep knife-edged ridge formed between two corries
  • The backward erosion of two conjoined corries through plucking forms steep back walls
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3
Q

What is a pyramidal peak and how is it formed? (E)

A
  • Angular, sharply-pointed summit
  • Three or more corries meet back-to-back and their back walls are eroded by plucking
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4
Q

What is a glacial trough and how is it formed? (E)

A
  • Straight, wide U-shaped valley
  • Glaciers move over existing V-shaped river valleys and cause glacial scouring due to their massive erosive power
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5
Q

What is a hanging valley and how is it formed? (E)

A
  • Small tributary U-shaped valley
  • The tributary valley glacier does not have a large enough erosive power to erode to the valley floor and is left hanging, often with a waterfall
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6
Q

What is a truncated spur and how is it formed? (E)

A
  • Ridge that descends to the valley floor found in a glacial trough
  • Glaciers erode interlocking spurs from an existing river valley and remove areas of land
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7
Q

What is a roche moutonée and how is it formed? (E)

A
  • A rock mound with a smooth stoss side and a jagged lee side
  • Plucking and abrasion erode areas of resistant rock as a glacier moves over it
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8
Q

What is a Bergschrund and how is formed? (E)

A
  • A large crevasse in a glaciated landscape
  • A glacier moves and separates from the back wall of a corrie
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9
Q

What is a ribbon lake and how is it formed? (E)

A
  • A lake formed within a glacial trough
  • A glacier moves over alternating bands of soft and hard rock, eroding the soft rock at a higher rate and leaving a rock basin which fills with rainwater
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10
Q

What is a fjord and how is it formed? (E)

A
  • Steep coastal cliff in a glaciated landscape
  • Glacial erosion occurs below sea level and sea water fills the valley floor as the glacier retreats
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11
Q

What is a drumlin and how is it formed? (D)

A
  • A smooth, elongated mound of unsorted till with a steep stoss side and a gentle sloping lee side
  • A glacier slows down as it moves over a resistant obstacle and causes deposition behind it
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12
Q

What is an erratic and how is formed? (D)

A
  • A large boulder in a glaciated landscape
  • Carried by the glacier and deposited in an area of completely different geology
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13
Q

What is a till plain and how is it formed? (D)

A
  • A large expanse of flat relief covered in glacial sediment
  • Formed as a large section of ice detaches from a glacier and melts, causing deposition of unsorted till
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14
Q

What is a moraine? (D)

A

A ridge of deposited glacial sediment.

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15
Q

What are the five types of moraine?

A
  • Lateral
  • Medial
  • Terminal
  • Recessional
  • Push
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16
Q

What is a lateral moraine? (D)

A

A moraine found at the side of a glacier formed by freeze-thaw weathering on the valley sides providing debris to the glacier.

17
Q

What is a medial moraine? (D)

A

A moraine found between two glaciers formed through the merging of two lateral moraines.

18
Q

What is a terminal moraine? (D)

A

A moraine that is deposited at the maximum advance of a glacier.

19
Q

What is a recessional moraine? (D)

A

A moraine found behind a terminal moraine formed by deposition during a temporary standstill in glacial retreat.

20
Q

What is a push moraine? (D)

A

A moraine with sediment that is tilted upwards formed during temporary glacial advance as sediment is pushed into an existing terminal moraine.

21
Q

What is a meltwater channel? (F)

A

Meltwater streams within a glacier which deposit material when there is a decrease in discharge.

22
Q

What is a kame and how is it formed? (F)

A
  • A mound of partially sorted sand and gravel formed at the side of a glacier
  • A collection of material in a supraglacial hollow is left on the valley floor when the glacier melts
23
Q

What is a kame terrace and how is it formed?

A
  • A relatively flat, elongated deposit of fluvioglacial sediment
  • Formed when multiple kames occur in the same area
24
Q

What is an esker and how is it formed? (F)

A
  • A long ridge of stratified sand and gravel
  • Sediment in meltwater channels is deposited in the direction of the glacier’s flow as the glacier melts
25
Q

What is an outwash plain and how is it formed? (F)

A
  • A large expanse of fluvioglacial deposits infront of a glacial snout
  • Meltwater channels lose hydrostatic pressure as it leaves the snout, causing deposition
26
Q

What are braided channels and how are they formed? (F)

A
  • Meltwater streams that cross each other on an outwash plain
  • Streams try to find a more efficient route around the material deposited during low discharge which causes resistance
27
Q

What is a kettle hole and how is it formed? (F)

A
  • A depression found in an outwash plain
  • Dead ice is left on the outwash plain as ice calving breaks it off from the glacial snout, before being buried in fluvioglacial sediment and melting
28
Q

What is patterned ground and how is it formed? (P)

A
  • Geometric patterned ground found in periglacial environments
  • Frost heave causes the upward movement of stones to the soil surface which then move sideways due to the slope
29
Q

What is an ice wedge and how is it formed? (P)

A
  • Narrow crack in the the upper layers of the ground
  • Water enters cracks in the permafrost and expands on freezing before repeating, widening the crack
30
Q

What is an open-system pingo and how is it formed? (P)

A
  • Dome-shaped mound of earth found in areas of discontinuous permafrost
  • Water moves through unfrozen ground, known as talik, forming an expanding ice lens which pushes upwards
31
Q

What is a closed-system pingo and how is it formed? (P)

A
  • Dome-shaped mound of earth found in areas of continuous permafrost
  • An ice lens forms underneath a draining lake in a layer of talik, causing frost heave and upward expansion
32
Q

What is a blockfield and how is it formed? (P)

A
  • A large expanse of angular boulders
  • Freeze-thaw weathering forms these boulders in-situ
33
Q

What is a solifluction lobe and how is it formed? (P)

A
  • A tongue-shaped lobe of soil found on slopes
  • Active layer becomes waterlogged in summer which saturates the soil, allowing it to slowly move downslope
34
Q

What is a terracette and how is it formed? (P)

A
  • Narrow steps of land with a small tread
  • Frost heave pushes the ground upwards, however vegetation prevents soil slumping (solifluction)
35
Q

What is a thermokarst and how is it formed? (P)

A
  • An expanse of land characterised by depressions filled with meltwater
  • Caused by the melting and collapse of permafrost

AS Geography (29 decks)

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