The Circulatory system

Question 1

What’re the three main parts of the circulatory system

Answer 1

Fluid, Tubes, Pump

Question 2

What is the fluid part of the circulatory system

Answer 2

Blood, made up of plasma and bloods cells

Question 3

What are the tubes in the circulatory system

Answer 3

arteries, Arterioles, veins, veinules, capillaires

Question 4

What is the pump in the circulatory system

Answer 4

The heart

Question 5

What are the functions of the circulatory system

Answer 5

• transport oxygen and carbon dioxide gases
• transport nutrients and wastes
• body temp regulation
• transport of hormones
• protection against foreign toxins and infections

Question 6

How much litres of blood does the average person have? How much of that is plasma and how much of it is blood cells?

Answer 6

5 litres

55% is plasma, 45% is blood cells

Question 7

what’re the two components of blood

Answer 7

Plasma, Erythrocytes (RBC)

Question 8

Describe Plasma

Answer 8

• 90% water
• Contains dissolved nutrients, waste, gases, hormones, salts, protein and anti-bodies
• Used to transport substances throughout the body

Question 9

Describe RBC

Answer 9

• Made in bone marrow, stored in spleen
• No nuclei (room for more oxygen) or mitochondria (can’t reproduce)
• 120 day life span
• Hemoglobin molecule (4 Fe atoms) binds oxygen
• Bi-concave shape gives cell flexibility to move through blood vessels

Question 10

What is an Erythrocyte

Answer 10

RBC

Question 11

In mammals, what’re the two factors that control when oxygen is picked up and when it is released by hemoglobin

Answer 11

1. Concentration of oxygen in the blood

2. Acidity in the blood

Question 12

Explain why concentration of oxygen in the blood control when oxygen is picked up and when it is released by hemoglobin

Answer 12

measured as a partial pressure (kPa), when partial pressure is low (muscles that are active ) hemoglobin will release oxygen

Question 13

Explain why Acidity in the blood control when oxygen is picked up and when it is released by hemoglobin

Answer 13

• presence of carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid in blood
• carbon dioxide is the waste product of cellular respiration
• The more acidic the blood, the more oxygen is needed by the cells
• high acidity weakens the chemical bond between oxygen and hemoglobin

Question 14

Why are cold blooded animals (lizards, snakes, etc) sluggish in cold temps

Answer 14

In cold temps hemoglobin releases oxygen more slowly. (question) because little oxygen is getting to cells for cellular respiration

Question 15

What are Leucocytes

Answer 15

WBC

Question 16

Describe Leucocytes

Answer 16

• consume and destroy invading bacteria, damaged cells and toxins
• made in bone marrow
• fewer in numbers than RBC
• Elevated WBC count may indicate infection
• some consume invaders and destroy themselves with digestive enzymes, while others produce anti-bodies

Question 17

What is pus

Answer 17

living and dead WBC and bacteria

Question 18

what is leukemia

Answer 18

disease when WBCs divide out of control

Question 19

what is macrophages

Answer 19

phagocytic cells that pass through capillary walls to engulf and digest pathogens; belong to the innate immune response (generalized response)

Question 20

what are lymphocytes

Answer 20

non phagocytic cells that take part in the acquired immune response (specific response).

Question 21

what are the two main types of lymphocytes and where they mature/come from

Answer 21

1. T-cells mature in the thymus gland

2. B cells from bone marrow

Question 22

what is a monocyte

Answer 22

• WBC

- migrate from the bloodstream to other tissues and differentiate into tissue resident macrophages

Question 23

what is eosinophil

Answer 23

• WBC

- attack parasites and part of allergic response

Question 24

what is a neutrophil

Answer 24

• WBC

- target bacteria and fungal infections

Question 25

what is a antigen

Answer 25

a foreign substance that triggers immune response (typically a protein on the cell wall or protein coat of an invading microbe)

Question 26

what is an anti body

Answer 26

produced in the body as a response to the antigen, act as a marker or destroy

Question 27

explain immune response

Answer 27

General response:
1. bacteria breaks through the skin barrier
2.Basophil and most cells ( both WBC) release histamine at site of infection to start inflammation
3. The infection site becomes swollen due to increased blood flow. More blood cells come to infection site looking for the foreign antigen. This increases temp which could kill bacteria
4. Macrophages arrive at site to kill bacteria
5. Macrophages share evidence found with immune response
Learned Response:
6. T-cells take info from macrophages and process it. Then they produce a small army (killer Ts)
7. B-cells recognize foreign antigen and produce plasma (which makes anti bodies) and memory B-cells (which recognizes the bacteria in future situations and can make the immune response go immediately into anti-body response instead)

Question 28

What is a thrombocyte

Answer 28

a platelet

Question 29

Thrombocytes are special cells that have broken off of what

Answer 29

bone marrow cells (no nuclei)

Question 30

what are thrombocytes used in

Answer 30

blood clotting

Question 31

what do thrombocytes do for blood clotting (3 steps)

Answer 31

• adhere to broken blood vessel surface, secrete chemicals to attract other platelets to the site, platelets form a plug upon which a fibrin mesh (protein net) forms
• break open edges release fibrinogen into plasma, reacts with clotting factors
• strands of fibrin form a mesh clot that contracts and begins to close the wound

Question 32

what is a scab

Answer 32

fibrin, platelets (thrombocytes), blood cells

Question 33

what is aspirin

Answer 33

recommended in low daily dosage for some adults to reduce risk of blood clots as it prevents platelets from sticking together