The Circulatory system Flashcards
What’re the three main parts of the circulatory system
Fluid, Tubes, Pump
What is the fluid part of the circulatory system
Blood, made up of plasma and bloods cells
What are the tubes in the circulatory system
arteries, Arterioles, veins, veinules, capillaires
What is the pump in the circulatory system
The heart
What are the functions of the circulatory system
- transport oxygen and carbon dioxide gases
- transport nutrients and wastes
- body temp regulation
- transport of hormones
- protection against foreign toxins and infections
How much litres of blood does the average person have? How much of that is plasma and how much of it is blood cells?
5 litres
55% is plasma, 45% is blood cells
what’re the two components of blood
Plasma, Erythrocytes (RBC)
Describe Plasma
- 90% water
- Contains dissolved nutrients, waste, gases, hormones, salts, protein and anti-bodies
- Used to transport substances throughout the body
Describe RBC
- Made in bone marrow, stored in spleen
- No nuclei (room for more oxygen) or mitochondria (can’t reproduce)
- 120 day life span
- Hemoglobin molecule (4 Fe atoms) binds oxygen
- Bi-concave shape gives cell flexibility to move through blood vessels
What is an Erythrocyte
RBC
In mammals, what’re the two factors that control when oxygen is picked up and when it is released by hemoglobin
- Concentration of oxygen in the blood
2. Acidity in the blood
Explain why concentration of oxygen in the blood control when oxygen is picked up and when it is released by hemoglobin
measured as a partial pressure (kPa), when partial pressure is low (muscles that are active ) hemoglobin will release oxygen
Explain why Acidity in the blood control when oxygen is picked up and when it is released by hemoglobin
- presence of carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid in blood
- carbon dioxide is the waste product of cellular respiration
- The more acidic the blood, the more oxygen is needed by the cells
- high acidity weakens the chemical bond between oxygen and hemoglobin
Why are cold blooded animals (lizards, snakes, etc) sluggish in cold temps
In cold temps hemoglobin releases oxygen more slowly. (question) because little oxygen is getting to cells for cellular respiration
What are Leucocytes
WBC
Describe Leucocytes
- consume and destroy invading bacteria, damaged cells and toxins
- made in bone marrow
- fewer in numbers than RBC
- Elevated WBC count may indicate infection
- some consume invaders and destroy themselves with digestive enzymes, while others produce anti-bodies
What is pus
living and dead WBC and bacteria
what is leukemia
disease when WBCs divide out of control
what is macrophages
phagocytic cells that pass through capillary walls to engulf and digest pathogens; belong to the innate immune response (generalized response)
what are lymphocytes
non phagocytic cells that take part in the acquired immune response (specific response).
what are the two main types of lymphocytes and where they mature/come from
- T-cells mature in the thymus gland
2. B cells from bone marrow
what is a monocyte
- WBC
- migrate from the bloodstream to other tissues and differentiate into tissue resident macrophages
what is eosinophil
- WBC
- attack parasites and part of allergic response
what is a neutrophil
- WBC
- target bacteria and fungal infections
what is a antigen
a foreign substance that triggers immune response (typically a protein on the cell wall or protein coat of an invading microbe)
what is an anti body
produced in the body as a response to the antigen, act as a marker or destroy
explain immune response
General response:
1. bacteria breaks through the skin barrier
2.Basophil and most cells ( both WBC) release histamine at site of infection to start inflammation
3. The infection site becomes swollen due to increased blood flow. More blood cells come to infection site looking for the foreign antigen. This increases temp which could kill bacteria
4. Macrophages arrive at site to kill bacteria
5. Macrophages share evidence found with immune response
Learned Response:
6. T-cells take info from macrophages and process it. Then they produce a small army (killer Ts)
7. B-cells recognize foreign antigen and produce plasma (which makes anti bodies) and memory B-cells (which recognizes the bacteria in future situations and can make the immune response go immediately into anti-body response instead)
What is a thrombocyte
a platelet
Thrombocytes are special cells that have broken off of what
bone marrow cells (no nuclei)
what are thrombocytes used in
blood clotting
what do thrombocytes do for blood clotting (3 steps)
- adhere to broken blood vessel surface, secrete chemicals to attract other platelets to the site, platelets form a plug upon which a fibrin mesh (protein net) forms
- break open edges release fibrinogen into plasma, reacts with clotting factors
- strands of fibrin form a mesh clot that contracts and begins to close the wound
what is a scab
fibrin, platelets (thrombocytes), blood cells
what is aspirin
recommended in low daily dosage for some adults to reduce risk of blood clots as it prevents platelets from sticking together
