Diversity unit

Question 1

How do we determine relatedness? (4)

Answer 1

Evidence from anatomy

Evidence from development

Evidence from physiology/biochemistry

Evidence from DNA

Question 2

What is evidence from anatomy

Answer 2

Size and proportion are different but they do indicate a common ancestry thus easier to group together when classifying/naming

Question 3

What is evidence from development

Answer 3

Evidence from Early embryonic forms of life can reveal relatedness that is not visible in adult forms

Question 4

What is evidence from physiology/biochemistry

Answer 4

Proteins (chemical messengers) are coded for by genes, thus if two organisms are genetically similar than their bodies should make similar proteins

Question 5

What is evidence from DNA

Answer 5

DNA analysis can show closely related two species are by comparing how much of there genetic code they have in common

Question 6

What can DNA analysis be used to predict

Answer 6

How long ago speciation (divergence) occurred

Question 7

Why is it important to classify animals

Answer 7

If a product is devived from a species of plant, knowing which species are closely related to that plant may help researchers develop better medicine

Understanding relatedness and evolutionary history may help epidemiologists trace the transmission of disease

The more knowledge we have of relationships between species allows a better understanding of their ecology and how we can best manage and protect them

Question 8

What is species diversity

Answer 8

The variety of species in a given area

Question 9

What is genetic diversity

Answer 9

The variety of genes in a population

Question 10

The deeper the gene pool the what

Answer 10

The better-more resistance to infections/parasites

Variety is the fuel for natural selection

Question 11

Populations with shallow gene pools are what

Answer 11

Vulnerable to disease and interbreeding

Question 12

What is ecosystem diversity

Answer 12

The variety of ecosystems in the biosphere

Question 13

define species

Answer 13

group of organisms that can breed and make fertile off spring

Question 14

what are the three species concepts

Answer 14

1. Morphological species concept
2. Biological species concept
3. Phylogenetic species concept

Question 15

what is the morphological species concept, advantage and disadvantage

Answer 15

how similar organisms are

advantage: simplistic
disadvantage: how much variation is too much? Most populations are made up of non-identical individuals

Question 16

what is the Biological species concept, advantage and disadvantage

Answer 16

the ability to produce fertile offspring

advantage: widely accepted
disadvantage: can’t be applied to extinct species, hard to test, cannot be used with asexual species

Question 17

what is the Phylogenetic species concept, advantage and disadvantage

Answer 17

focus on evolutionary relationships and histories, a species is defined as a cluster of organisms that shows relationship within a cluster and distinct from other clusters.

advantage: can be applied to extinct species, using DNA analysis
disadvantage: evolutionary histories not known for all animals

Question 18

define taxonomy

Answer 18

the science that classifies and names living things

Question 19

define organisms

Answer 19

are classified by similarities, from general to specific (Hierarchial classification)
- there are 8 levels or “taxa”

Question 20

Describe Prokaryotes

Answer 20

• small, simple life forms
• lack true nucleus (no nuclei membrane)
• genetic material is a single circular chromosome (plasmid)
• a sexual reproduction is the norm; sexual is less common. no meiosis only binary fission (mitosis)
• tend to be unicellular, multicellular is rare
• no membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, etc)
• Many are anaerobic

Question 21

describe eukaryotes

Answer 21

• more complicated life form
• have a membrane bound nucleus
• genetic material is made up of multiple chromosomes
• sexual reproduction is common; cells divide by meiosis and mitosis
• mostly multicellular
• membrane bound organelles present
• most are aerobic
• thought to be more evolutionarily advanced than prokaryotes