the circulatory system Flashcards
active transport
the movement of molecules form low to high concentration against a concentration gradient
pulmonary circuit
transports blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
what happens in the lungs during the process of the circulatory system
- oxygen diffuses to the blood from the alveoli (the blood becomes oxygenated)
- carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the lungs
systemic circuit
transports blood from the left side of the heart to all other parts of the body
- also carries oxygen and nutrients to the body
- carbon dioxide and other wastes away from cells
why must blood must flow through the circulatory system in one direciton
- it makes sure that oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood are kept separate
- it also ensures that there is always a concentration for diffusion
what is used to ensure blood flows through the circulatory system in one direction
valves in the heart and veins ensure backflow is prevented
what does a double circulatory system ensure?
- ensures a concentration gradient for diffusion of oxygen into the blood at the lungs is maintained
- blood pressure is maintained by returning oxygenated blood to the heart
- oxygen is supplied to all tissues efficiently, as blood travels though small capillaries which provide a large surface area for diffusion
how to calculate surface area to volume ratio
surface area / volume
alveoli
Where gas exchange occurs; comprised of tiny air sacs with a capillary network
two common waste substances that the human body needs to remove
uera, carbon dioxide
how does alveoli increase SA:V ratio of the lungs
one cell thick wall for high rates of diffusion
vein
- carries blood back to the heart
- wide tube
- thin flexible walls
arteries
- take blood away from the heart
- narrow tube
- thick layer of elastic and muscle fibres
capillaries
- one cell thick to allow faster diffusion of substances
- narrow tube
erythrocytes
- red blood cells
- carry oxygen
- carries haemoglobin (type of protein)
lymphocytes
- immune response to invading bacteria and viruses
- contains antibodies
phagocytes
- immune response to invading bacteria and viruses
- engulfs foreign materials
equation for cardiac output
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
direction of blood through the heart
vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
why must temperature be kept the same during a respiration experiment
- increases rate of respiration for the soda lime
- causes enzymes to work faster
- gas expands at warmer temperatures
explain the role of soda lime during a respiration experiment
- absorbs carbon dioxide
- carbon dioxide produced by the small organisms would take up some of the volume lost by the removal of oxygen
why is the heart described as a ‘double pump’
- the heart carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs
- carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body
similarities and differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- both are exothermic
- both release energy
- both require glucose
- aerobic = glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water
- anaerobic = glucose > lactic acid
- lactic acid causes muscles to tire
anaerobic gives less energy
