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biology > hormones and the human body > Flashcards

hormones and the human body Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

hormones

A

Chemical messengers that travel through the blood stream

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2
Q

TSH

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
  • released by the pituitary gland
  • causes thyroid to release thyroxine
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3
Q

thyroxine

A

hormone released by the thyroid gland

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4
Q

where is the thyroid located

A

in the throat

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5
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • controls the release of hormones in cells
  • regulates water balance in the body
  • stimulates growth of cells and tissues
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6
Q

endocrine system

A

composes of glands which secrete chemicals (hormones) into the bloodstream

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7
Q

TRH

A
  • thyroxine releasing hormone
  • released by the hypothalamus
  • causes the release of TSH by the pituitary
  • which causes the release of thyroxine in the thyroid
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8
Q

negative feedback mechanism

A

a type of control that is used in homeostasis

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9
Q

homeostasis

A

the regulation of the internal environment around optimum conditions in response to the internal and external changes

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10
Q

negative feedback loop process

A
  • low concentration of thyroxine
  • Hypothalamus releases TRH to pituitary
  • pituitary releases TSH to thyroid
  • thyroid releases thyroxine
  • hypothalamus detects high thyroxine levels
  • prevents pituitary from releasing more TSH
  • thyroid releases less thyroxine

the cycle repeats

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11
Q

what hormones do the pituitary release

A

TSH, FSH, LH, ADH, TRH

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12
Q

what hormone does the thyroid gland release

A

thyroxine

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13
Q

what hormone does the adrenal gland release

A

adrenaline

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14
Q

what hormones does the pancreas release

A

insulin, glucogon

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15
Q

what hormone do the ovaries release

A

oestrogen

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16
Q

what hormone does the testes release

A

testosterone

17
Q

effects of thyroxine

A
  • increased metablic rate
  • brain development
  • increased digestive functions
  • muscle control
18
Q

effects of adrenaline

A
  • increased strength, reaction time
  • increased heart rate
  • release of insulin
  • release of glucose
19
Q

effects of insulin/glucagon

A
  • improved immune system
  • better digestion
  • take more glucose
20
Q

effects of oestrogen

A
  • widened hips
  • formation of breasts
  • Menstrual cycle
21
Q

effects of testosterone

A
  • muscle growth
  • hair growth
  • deepened voice
22
Q

where are the adrenal glands located

A

above the kidneys

23
Q

FSH

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • causes follicles to mature to prepare for LH
24
Q

LH

A
  • lutenising hormone
  • causes the release of the egg from the ovaries (ovulation)
25
Q

hormones released by ovaries during the menstrual cycle

A

oestrogen
progesterone

26
Q

hormones released by the pituitary gland during the menstrual cycle

A

FSH
LH

27
Q

what happens during days 1-6 of the menstrual cycle

A
  • mesturation begins
  • FSH released by pituitary causes eggs to mature in the ovary
  • FSH stimulates the release of oestrogen
  • uterus lining sheds
28
Q

what happens during days 6-12 of the menstrual cycle

A
  • oestrogen builds uterus lining
  • oestrogen levels increase
  • oestrogen causes the releases of LH and prevents production of FSH
  • uterus lining repairs and grows
  • egg released from the ovary
29
Q

what happens during days 13-21 of the menstural cycle

A
  • LH causes ovulation to occur day 14
  • progestorone is produced by the empty follicle after ovulation and maintains the lining of the uterus
  • uterus lining continues to thicken
30
Q

what happens during days 22-28 of the mestural cycle

A
  • if the egg is not fertilised, the empty follicle decays and the levels of progestorone drop so the lining of the uterus falls away and is passed out of the body during mensturation
31
Q

effects of diabetes

A

less insulin is made, so they are less able to take in more glucose

32
Q

why is glucose important?

A
  • it is needed by cells for respiration
  • it is important that the concentration of glucose in the blood has to be maintained
33
Q

name of gland that controls blood glucose

A

pancreas

34
Q

what happens if blood glucose levels are too high in the body

A

the pancreas releases insulin

35
Q

glycogen

A
  • a carbohydrate that can be stored for later use
  • produced from insulin
36
Q

what happens if blood glucose levels are too low in the body

A

pancreas releases glucagon

37
Q

glucagon

A

causes liver and muscle cells to turn glycogen into glucose

38
Q

what does insulin convert glucose into

A

glycogen

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