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Nervous System > The Cerebral Hemispheres > Flashcards

The Cerebral Hemispheres Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basal nuclei?

A

Discrete collection of neuronal cell bodies

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2
Q

Where is are the gyri?

A

Immediately in front of the central sulcus (precentral gyrus) and one behind in the parietal lobe (post central gyrus)

Cingulate gyrus is on medial surface of cerebral hemispheres are is found round the corpus callosum

The frontal and temporal lobe is further divided onto superior, middle and inferior gyri

Transverse temporal gyri - enters temporal lobe via insula

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3
Q

Describe the basic fucntion of each area of the brain

A

Posteior is sensory and anterior (frontal lobe) is motor
• Parietal lobe - general sensory (pain, touch, vibration etc)
• Occipital lobe - special sensory (vision)
• Temporal lobe - special sensory (hearing and smell)

Medial potions (limbic system) - storage and retrieval of processed information

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4
Q

What is the precentral gyrus (area 4) responsible for?

A

Primary motor cortex:
Somatotopic representation of contralateral half of body (motor homunculus) - takes care of muscles on opposite side of the body

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5
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex (area 6,8) responsible for?

A

Cognitive function of higher order - intellect, judgement, prediction and planning

The prefrontal cortex forms the pattern in which the muscles have to work

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6
Q

What is the function of the inferior frontal gyrus (area 44, 45)?

A

Broca’s area of motor speech:
Puts patterns of sentences and words which will send signals to the primary motor complex to innervate muscle of speech (i.e. tongue, lips, palate) to form a pattern so that words come out in the right order.

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7
Q

What is the motor and sensory homunculus?

A

Somatotopic representation - specific neuron in these regions will go to these specific muscles

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8
Q

What part of the body is represented by the lateral motor and sensory homunculus?

A

The tongue

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9
Q

What part of the body is represented by the medial motor and sensory homunculus?

A

Genitals and toes

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10
Q

Describe how the homunculus represents muscles

A

The region in the brain specific for a muscle is NOT directional proportional for the size of the area that it’s going to

I.e. hand is so small but has larger region in the brain that a limb, as there are a lot finer movement in the hands.

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11
Q

What is the function of the post-central gyrus (area 3, 1, 2)?

A

Primary sensory area:

Receives general sensations from the contralateral half of the body –> sensory homunculus

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12
Q

What are the three gyri in the parietal lobe?

A
  • Primary sensory area
  • Superior parietal lobule
  • Inferior parietal lobule
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13
Q

What is the function of the superior parietal lobule?

A

Association area - interpretation of general sensory information (sensory association area) and conscious awareness of contralateral half of body

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14
Q

What is the function of the inferior parietal lobule?

A

Interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas. In dominant hemisphere, contributes to language functions.

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15
Q

What is the superior temporal gyrus (areas 41,42)?

A

Primary auditory cortex

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16
Q

What are the different gyri in the temporal lobe?

A
  • Superior temporal gyrus
  • Auditory association areas
  • Inferior surface of lobe
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17
Q

What is the function of the auditory association areas (wernicke’s area)?

A

In dominant hemisphere it is the wernicke’s area.

Understanding of spoken word and has connections with other language areas – it is unilateral and important for understanding speech.

18
Q

What fibres do the inferior surface on the temporal lobe receive?

A

Fibres of olfactory tract – conscious appreciation of smell

19
Q

What are the gyri in the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual cortex (area 17) and visual association cortex (areas 18, 19)

20
Q

Where is the location of the primary visual cortex (area 17) of the occipital lobe?

A

On the medial surface, either side of the calcimine sulcus.

21
Q

What is the function of the visual association cortex (areas 18, 19) of the occipital lobe?

A

It is the rest of the occipital lobe, and interprets visual images

22
Q

What is the limbic lobe (functional area)?

A

The medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere has area which together form a functional limbic lobe involved in memory and emotional aspects of behaviour.

23
Q

What does the limbic lobe (functional area) contain?

A

It includes the cingulate gyrus, the hippocampus (medial aspect of temporal lobe), parahippocampal gyrus, and the amygdala (subcortical grey matter close to temporal pole)

24
Q

What are the two language areas and what occurs if there is damage to these areas?

A
  • Broca’s area - motor speech
  • Wernicke’s area - association area necessary for recognition of spoken word and found in DOMINANT hemisphere (sensory area of speech)

Aphasia –> problem with speech

25
Q

What causes Broca’s aphasia?

A

Damage to the frontal lobe

26
Q

What occurs in Broca’s aphasia?

A

Understands speech and processes what is said and knows what to reply as most of frontal lobe is fine, but as Broca’s area is damaged they can’t form sentences

Weakness/paralysis of one side on body as Broca’s area is close to motor area

27
Q

What causes Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Damage to the temporal lobe

28
Q

What occurs in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  • Fluent speech, with new meaningless words and can’t understand speech not are they aware of any mistakes
  • No paralysis
29
Q

What are the three types of myelinated axon fibres which are bundled into tracts?

A
  • Comissural fibres
  • Association fibres
  • Projection fibres
30
Q

What structures do commissural fibres connect?

A

The two hemispheres via corpus callosum

31
Q

What structures do association fibres connect?

A

One part of the cortex with the other one within one hemisphere

32
Q

What structures do projection fibres connect?

A

Run between the cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres. They pass through the corona radiate and the internal capsule.

33
Q

What does the internal capsule contain?

A

It is made up of projection fibres passing to and from the cerebral cortex

All sensory and motor neurones from opposite side of body pass through it and then radiates out to the different lobes of the brain.

34
Q

What is the blood supply to the internal capsule?

A

Middle cerebral artery

35
Q

What are basal ganglia?

A

They are subcortical nuclei which are discrete collections of neural cell bodies that sit at the base of the cerebral hemisphere

36
Q

What does the basal ganglia consist of?

A

Made up of the caudate nucleus, putamen and globes pallidus

Substantial nigra in midbrain functionally part of them through not anatomically

37
Q

What dies the globus pallidus and putamen form?

A

Lentiform nucleus

38
Q

Describe the anatomical structure of the IC, basal ganglia and thalamus

A
  • Caudate nucleus lies in the wall of the lateral ventricle
  • The thalamus (diencephalon) lies beside the third ventricle
  • Lateral to the caudate and thalamus lies the internal capsules
  • Lateral to the internal capsule is the lentiform nucelus
39
Q

What is the importance of the base ganglia?

A

Important to get over inertia of movement – nuclei from it feeds it to increase impulse from or can decrease.

  1. The caudate nucleus and the putamen are the ‘input regions’ receiving input from the motor cortex, premotor cortex, and from thalamus
  2. They are in turn connected to the output regions – the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra
  3. The globus pallidus then projects primarily to the thalamus (which intron send fibres to motor area of cortex
40
Q

What is the major function of the basal ganglia?

A

Help regulate initiation and termination of movements.
• Referred to as ‘extrapyramidal system’ because they play a role in controlling motor systems
• Pathology: parkinson’s, chorea, athetosis

Nervous System (47 decks)

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