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Nervous System > Disorders of Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Disorders of Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What nerves are responsible for special senses?

A
  • Olfaction –> CN I
  • Vision –> CN II
  • Taste –> CN VII, XI and X
  • Hearing (and balance) - CN VIII
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2
Q

Which nerve provides innervation to muscles of mastication?

A

Trigeminal (CN V)

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3
Q

Which nerve innervated muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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4
Q

Which nerve provides most of the innervation to the larynx and pharynx?

A

Mainly vagus (CN X)

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5
Q

Which nerve supplies innervation the the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?

A

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

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6
Q

Which nerve innervated the lacrimal gland?

A

Facial nerve - secretomotor

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7
Q

What nerve innervate submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

Facial - secretomotor

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8
Q

Which nerve innervates the parotid gland?

A

Glossopharyngeal - secretomotor

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9
Q

Which nerve provide parasympathetic input?

A
  • Oculomotor
  • Facial
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Vagus (to organs in thorax and abdomen)
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10
Q

How do you test smell?

A

Olfactory nerve - is smell unilateral or bilateral loss?

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11
Q

How do you test vision?

A 
Optic nerve:
• Visual acuity 
• Visual field 
• Pupillary reaction 
• Fundoscopy 
• Colour vision
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12
Q

What do you test with eye nerve function?

A

Oculomotor, trochlear and abducence nerve:
• Ptosis?
• Equal pupil size?
• Pupillary reactions
• Eye movements - vertical and horizontal

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13
Q

How do you test the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Sensation in the VI, V2 and V3 regions
  • Power in the muscles of mastication
  • Corneal reflex (afferent is V1)
  • Jaw jerk (V3)
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14
Q

How do you test the facial nerve?

A
  • Muscles of facial expression
  • Corneal reflex (efferent to orbicularis oculi)
  • Taste
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15
Q

How do you test the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A
  • Hearing using Rinne’s and Weber’s tests

* Vestibular function using Dix-Hallpike manoeuvre and Untenberger’s test

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16
Q

How do you test the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve?

A
  • Movement of the palate
  • Gag reflex
  • Quality of speech
  • Quality of cough
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17
Q

How do you test the accessory nerve?

A
  • Heading tubing and shoulder shrugging - SCM and trapezius function
  • Appearance, movement and power of tongue
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18
Q

What nerves are involved in the pupillary light reflex?

A
  • Afferent - optic nerve

* Efferent - oculomotor nerve

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19
Q

What nerves are involved in the corneal reflex?

A
  • Afferent - CN V1

* Efferent - facial nerve

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20
Q

What nerves are involved in the jaw jerk?

A

Both CN V3

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21
Q

What nerves are involved in the gag reflex?

A
  • Afferent - glossopharyngeal nerve

* Efferent - vagus nerve

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22
Q

Where does the nuclei of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves lie?

A

Midbrain

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23
Q

Where does the nuclei of the trigeminal, abducence and facial nerves lie?

A

Pons

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24
Q

Where does the nuclei of the vestibulocochlear nerve lie?

A

Ponto-medullary junction

25
Q

Where does the nuclei of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves lie?

A

Medulla

26
Q

Where would the abnormality be if there were signs in bilateral CN III nerve?

A

Midbrain

27
Q

Where would the abnormality be if there were signs in the III, IV and VI nerves?

A

Superior orbital fissure

28
Q

Where would the abnormality be if there were signs in the VI and VII nerves?

A

Pons

29
Q

Where would the abnormality be if there were signs in the V and VIII nerves?

A

Cerebellopontine angle

30
Q

Suggest a cause of an unusual combination of cranial nerve signs

A

? Chronic or malignant meningitis

31
Q

Suggest a cause of pure motor signs

A

? Myasthenia gravis

32
Q

Give examples of causes of non-cranial nerve lesions that cause cranial nerve signs

A
  • Stroke - eye movement disorders, facial weakness, difficulty swallowing after a stroke
  • Double vision in myasthenia or thyroid eye disease
33
Q

Name seven signs of optic neuritis

A
  • Demyelination within the optic nerve
  • Monocular visual loss
  • Pain on eye movement
  • Reduced visual acuity
  • Reduced colour vision
  • Optic disc may be swollen
  • Often associated with multiple sclerosis
34
Q

Name seven signs of optic neuritis

A
  • Demyelination within the optic nerve
  • Monocular visual loss
  • Pain on eye movement
  • Reduced visual acuity
  • Reduced colour vision
  • Optic disc may be swollen
  • Often associated with multiple sclerosis
35
Q

Describe the parasympathetic pupillary response

A
  • Causes constriction of pupil
  • Loss of input results in a fixes, dilated pupil
  • I.e. complete third nerve palsy
36
Q

Describe the sympathetic pupillary repsponse

A
  • Causes pupillary dilatation

* Damage anywhere within the sympathetic pathway can lead to a constricted pupil

37
Q

Name seven cause of dilated pupils

A
  • Youth
  • Dim lighting
  • Anxiety, excitement
  • “Mydriatic” eye drops
  • Amphetamine, cocaine overdose
  • Third nerve palsy
  • Brain death
38
Q

Name six eye movement disorders

A
  • Isolated third nerve palsy
  • Isolated fourth nerve palsy
  • Isolated sixth nerve palsy
  • Combination of the above
  • Supranuclear gaze palsy
  • Nystagmus
39
Q

Name six eye movement disorders

A
  • Isolated third nerve palsy
  • Isolated fourth nerve palsy
  • Isolated sixth nerve palsy
  • Combination of the above
  • Supranuclear gaze palsy
  • Nystagmus
40
Q

What are the two different types of reasons which can cause isolated third nerve palsy?

A
  • Microvascular - diabetes, hypertension –> painless, pupil spared
  • Compressive - posterior communicating artery aneurysm, raised ICP –> painful, pupil affected
41
Q

Name four reasons that cause isolated sixth nerve palsy

A
  • Idiopathic
  • Diabetes
  • Meningitis
  • Raised intracranial pressure
42
Q

Name six causes of nystagmus

A
  • Congenital
  • Serious visual impairment
  • Peripheral vestibular problem
  • Central vestibular / brainstem disease
  • Cerebellar disease
  • Toxins (medication and alcohol)
43
Q

What is trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Mild stimulation of your face — such as from brushing your teeth or putting on makeup — may trigger a jolt of excruciating pain

44
Q

What are the features of trigeminal neuralgia?

A
  • Paroxysmal attacks of lancinating pain
  • Triggers
  • Middle age and older
  • Caused by vascular loop - compression fifth nerve in posterior fossa
45
Q

How do you treat trigeminal neuralgia?

A
  • Treated medically with carbamazepine

* Surgical option if medication resistant

46
Q

What are the features of Bell’s palsy?

A
  • Unilateral facial weakness
  • Lower motor neurone type
  • Often preceded by pain behind ear
  • Eye closure affected
  • Risk of corneal damage
47
Q

What are the features of Bell’s palsy?

A
  • Unilateral facial weakness
  • Lower motor neurone type
  • Often preceded by pain behind ear
  • Eye closure affected
  • Risk of corneal damage
48
Q

How is Bell’s palsy treated?

A

Treated with steroids

49
Q

What could cause an LMN facial paralysis?

A

Bell’s palsy, lymes, sarcoid etc

50
Q

What could cause an LMN facial paralysis?

A

Bell’s palsy, lymes, sarcoid etc

51
Q

What is vestibular neuronitis?

A

Sudden severe attack of vertigo caused by inflammation of the vestibular nerve

52
Q

What are the features of vestibular neuronitis?

A
  • Sudden onset
  • Disabling vertigo
  • Vomiting
  • Gradual recovery
  • Cause is uncertain ? viral
53
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

Disordered articulation, slurring of speech

54
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

55
Q

What conditions do dysphagia and dysarthria occur in?

A

Both occur in bulbar- and pseudobulbar palsy:
• Bulbar - lower motor neurone
• Pseudobulbar palsy - upper motor neurone

56
Q

What is pseudobulbar palsy?

A

Inability to control facial movements due to bilateral UMN lesions e.g. in vascular lesions of both internal capsules, MND

57
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of pseudobulbar palsy?

A
  • Dysarthria
  • Dysphonia
  • Dysphagia
  • Spastic, immobile tongue
  • Brisk jaw jerk
  • Brisk gag reflex
58
Q

What is bulbar palsy?

A

Range of different signs and symptoms linked to impairment of function of the cranial nerves IX - XII which occurs due to bilateral LMN lesion in the medulla or from lesions of the lower cranial nerves outside the brainstem

I.e. motor neurone disease, polio, tumours, vascular lesions of the medulla and syphilis

59
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of bulbar palsy?

A
  • Wasted, fasciculating tongue
  • Dysarthria
  • Dysphonia
  • Dysphagia

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Nervous System (47 decks)

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