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Nervous System > Cells and Tissue of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Cells and Tissue of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two different cell types in the nervous system?

A

Neurons and glial cells

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2
Q

What are the features of neurone?

A
  • Structural and functional unit
  • Excitable cells
  • Impulses carried as action potentials
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3
Q

What are the features of glial cells?

A
  • Non-excitable supporting cells

* Much smaller than neurones

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4
Q

Describe the structure and function of a typical neurone

A

• Multiple dendrite, one axon • Impulse transmission is by action potential which can travel in only one direction from the cell body to the synaptic terminal

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5
Q

Describe the different parts to the neurone

A
  • Nucleus - loose chromatin, prominent nucleolus
  • Cell organelles - mitochondria, rER, diffuse Golgi apparatus
  • High metabolic rate
  • Cytoplasms in the cell body is perikaryon, and in the axon is axoplasm
  • Long living and amitotic
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6
Q

What covers the axons?

A

Myeline sheath

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7
Q

What is the benefit of the myelin sheath?

A

Increases conduction speed by ‘saltatory conduction’

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8
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

The propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node

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9
Q

What is the myeline sheath formed by?

A
  • Schwann cells in PNS

* Oligodendrocytes in CNS

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10
Q

What is the clinical importance of the myeline sheath?

A

Multiple sclerosis:

Patchy loss/scarring of myelin sheath (demyelination) -> nerve conduction across affected axons abnormal

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11
Q

What is the cause and sign on MRI of multiple sclerosis?

A
  • Cause unknown
  • MRI shows whitish plaques of demyelination
  • Prognosis variable
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12
Q

What does the spinal cord consist of?

A

Grey and white matter

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13
Q

What is the difference between grey and white matter?

A
  • White matter contains myelinated axons on neurones (myeline sheath give white appearance)
  • Grey matter contain neural cell bodies
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14
Q

Define the different horns in the the grey matter of the spinal cord

A
  • Dorsal horn - sensory fibres from the dorsal roots synapse with interneurons here. Their cell bodies are organised into visceral and somatic
  • Ventral horns - cell bodies of motor neurone
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15
Q

What is the nuclei of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Localised collection of neuronal cell bodies in the grey matter

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16
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Collection of neurone cell bodies outside in the cerebral hemisphere

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17
Q

Describe the white matter

A

It is divided into columns composed of tracts of axons that transfer information up and down the spinal cord.

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18
Q

How is grey matter arranged?

A

It is diffuse

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19
Q

What are the three different types of neurones?

A
  • Multipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Pseudounipolar
20
Q

Describe the structure of pseudounipolar neurones

A

Long dendrite and has a separate neck to cell body

They are sensory neurones

21
Q

Describe the structure of bipolar neurones

A

Two relatively equal fibres extending off the central body

22
Q

What type of fibres do multipolar neurones carry?

A

Motor

23
Q

Describe the pathway of a sensory neurone

A

Pathway of pseudounipolar neurone (as it’s sensory):

  1. Cutaneous receptors in the skin
  2. Collection of neuronal cell bodies
  3. Tract in the white matter (fibre pathway)
  4. Synapses into a discrete collection of neuronal cell bodies in grey matter
  5. To cerebral hemisphere
24
Q

What is the main types of Glial cell?

A

Astrocytes in the CNS which have multiple end feet which surround synapses and capillaries to help in K+ buffering - forms blood brain barrier

25
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Protective mechanism hat helps maintain a a stable environment fro the brain and prevents harmful amino acid and ions resent in the bloodstream and blood cells from entering

26
Q

What are the layers on the blood brain barrier?

A
  1. Endothelium - tight junction (fenestrated outside brain)
  2. Thick basa lamina
  3. Foot processes of astrocytes
27
Q

What is allowed through the blood brain barrier?

A

Lipid soluble molecules, O2, H2O - major role in drug delivery to CNS but they have to be lipid soluble or use suitable vectors

Water soluble molecules (glucose, AA) are pump mediated

28
Q

What artery forms grooves in the dura matter?

A

Middle meningeal artery (branch of ECA)

29
Q

What doe the falx cerebra separate?

A

Two cerebral hemispheres

30
Q

NAme four important parts of the topography of the brain

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
31
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Balance and coordination

32
Q

What is the cerebrum responsible for?

A

Consciousness

33
Q

What is the brainstem responsible for?

A
  • It contains vital centres i.e. cardiorespiratory

* Pathway for fibre tracts

34
Q

What is the diencephalon responsible for?

A

Contains hypothalamus, and pituitary stalk (connection to pituitary gland

35
Q

What are the three parts to eat brain stem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
36
Q

Define ventricles

A

Spaces inside the brain

37
Q

What are the different parts of the ventricle in the brain?

A
  • Lateral ventricles (in cerebral hemisphere)
  • Interventricular foramen - connects to 3rd ventricle in the diencephalon
  • Cerebral aqueduct (midbrain)
  • 4th ventricle (diamond-shaped) in hindbrain
38
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

In the diencephalon

39
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

Between the pons and medulla (in front) and cerebellum (at back)

40
Q

What lies inside the ventricles?

A

CSF

41
Q

Describe the dura mater

A

Tough, fibrous and has dural folds

42
Q

Describe the Pia mater

A

Vascularised and dips into he folds of the brain

43
Q

What is the significance of the subdural space?

A

Potential space which is traversed by blood vessels penetrating into the CNS

44
Q

Between what meningeal layers is the CSF found?

A

Arachnoid and pia - subarachnoid space

45
Q

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid found?

A

Fluid inside the cavity of brain (ventricles) and central canal of spinal cord

Also present surrounding the brain and spinal cord in between the layers of meninges which are coverings of the brain (between the pia and arachnoid)

46
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

Choroid plexus in each ventricle

47
Q

Where is CSF absorbed?

A

It leaves at the back of the 4th ventricle through 3 small holes and goes into the subarachnoid space

At the top of the brain, arachnoid villi drain into the saggital sinus (venous channel in brain) for CSF to be reabsorbed by the venous system

Nervous System (47 decks)

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