Anatomy - Special Senses Flashcards
1
Q
Name the three foramina at the apex of the orbit
A
- Optic foramen
- Superior orbital fissure
- Inferior orbital fissure
2
Q
What 2 structures transverse through the optic foramen?
A
Ophthalmic artery and optic nerve
3
Q
What 5 structures transverse through the superior orbital fissure?
A
- Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
- Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
- Abducens nerve (CN VI)
- Ophthalmic veins
- Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (CN V1)
4
Q
What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?
A
Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2)
5
Q
What air sinuses lie in close proximity to the walls of the orbit?
A
Frontal sinus, ethmoid air cells and the maxillary sinus
6
Q
What are the seven main contents of the orbit?
A
- Fat
- Extrinsic ocular muscles
- Ligaments supporting eye
- Optic nerve
- Branches of ophthalmic artery
- Lacrimal (tear) apparatus
- Eyeball
7
Q
What are the parts to the outer fibrous layer of the eye?
A
Cornea and sclera - complete layer
8
Q
What are the parts to the middle vascular layer of the eye?
A
- Iris, ciliary body and choroid
* Incomplete anteriorly - anterior aperture (in iris) is the pupil
9
Q
What are the parts to the inner sensory layer of the eye?
A
Retina - present posteriorly and stops just infront of the equator
10
Q
What two types of fluid are found in the eye and where?
A
- Aqueous Humor - watery fluid in the anterior segment
* Vitreous Humor - gel in the posterior segment
11
Q
What is the fovea of the eye?
A
Sight of maximal vision
12
Q
What is the optic disc of the eye?
A
Physical blind spot
13
Q
What part of the eye produces aqueous humor?
A
Ciliary Body
14
Q
Name the intrinsic muscles of the eye
A
- Ciliaris
- Constrictor pupillae
- Dilator pupillae
15
Q
Where is the ciliaris and what is its action?
A
Found in the ciliary body and is responsible for accommodation, innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III)
16
Q
Where is the constrictor pupillae and what is its action?
A
Pupillary border of iris and constrict the pupil, innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III)
17
Q
Where is the dilator pupillae and what is its action?
A
Border of the iris and dilates the pupil with sympathetic innervation
18
Q
What is the benefit of intorsion and extorsion of the eye?
A
Occur when the head is tilted, to keep the eyeballs focussed on an object the eyes rotate in an opposite direction.
19
Q
Describe the innervation of the extrinsic muscles of the eye
A
All oculomotor nerve (CN III) except:
• Lateral rectus - abducens nerve (CN VI)
• Superior oblique - trochlear nerve (CN IV)
20
Q
What is the action of the medial and lateral rectus?
A
Adduction and abduction
21
Q
What are the three movement of the superior rectus muscle?
A
a. elevation b. adducts c. intorsion
22
Q
What are the three movement of the inferior rectus muscle?
A
a. depression b. adducts c. extorts
23
Q
What are the three movement of the superior oblique muscle?
A
a. depression b. abducts c. intorsion
24
Q
What are the three movement of the inferior oblique muscle?
A
a. elevation b. abducts c. extorsion
25
What extrinsic muscle is the only one not to arise from the posterior aspect of the orbit?
Inferior oblique
26
Name the ligaments that prevent over-adduction and over-abduction of the eye
Medial and later check ligaments - lateral ligament prevents the medial rectus from turning too far in and vice versa
27
What is the function of the suspensory ligament?
Support the eyeball and prevent downwards movements
28
What branch of the ICA supplies the orbit and the eye?
Ophthalmic artery
29
Are there any lymphatics in the orbit?
No
30
Name the three ossicles in the ear
Malleus, incus and stapes
31
Which ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
32
Name two muscles related to the ossicles?
Tensor tympani and the stapedius
33
What is the action of the tensor tympani in the ear?
Pulls malleus medially, tensing tympanic membrane and reducing the amplitude of sound waves
34
What is the action of stapedius muscle in the ear?
Stabilises stapes when loud noise enters ear
35
Name two areas with which the cavity of the middle ear communicates
Nasopharynx (via eustacian tube) and mastoid air cells
36
Within which part of the temporal bone do the middle and inner earl lie?
Petrous part
37
Name the boney and the membranous chambers in the inner ear
* Bony labyrinth - filled with perilymph fluid
| * Membranous labyrinth - filled with endolymph fluid
38
Which foramen does the facial nerve exit the posterior cranial fossa?
Internal acoustic foramen
39
What two nerves exit the posterior cranial fossa via the internal acoustic foramen?
Facial and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
40
What is the pathway of the facial nerve?
1. Exits brainstem at the pontomedullary junction
2. Exits posterior cranial fossa to the facial canal on the medial wall of the middle ear
3. Gives of chordates tympani in the middle ear
4. Exits via stylomastoid foramen to exterior face
41
What does the chordates tympani carry?
* Parasympathetic efferent fibres to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands - secretomotor
* Special sensory taste fibres to 2/3 anterior tongue
42
What are the deep cervical lymph nodes?
Linked chain of lymph nodes around the internal jugular vein, and within the fascia of the carotid sheath.
43
What is formed at the inferior end of the deep cervical lymph nodes?
Efferent lymphatic vessels join to form the jugular lymph trunk
44
Where do the efferent lymphatics from these efferent lymph trunks drain to?
* Right side -> R lymphatic duct
| * Left side -> L lymphatic duct
45
Name six different lymph nodes responsible for the lymphatic drainage of the face and scalp
* Parotid
* Buccal
* Submental
* Submandibular
* Mastoid
* Occipital
46
What do the parotid nodes drain?
Scalp around parotid gland, lateral part of eyelids and middle ear
47
What do the buccal nodes drain?
Cheek region
48
What do the submental nodes drain?
Anterior tongue tip, central part of floor of mouth and chin
49
What do the submandibular nodes drain?
Front of scalp, nose, lips, air sinuses (frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal), teeth, gums, anterior tongue, floor of mouth and efferent lymphatic from submental nodes
50
What do the mastoid nodes drain?
Middle region of scalp and external auditory meatus
51
What do the occipital nodes drain?
Back of scalp
52
Name the five group of nodes that drain lymph from the neck
* Anterior cervical
* Superficial cervical
* Retropharyngeal
* Laryngeal
* Tracheal
53
What do the anterior cervical nodes drain and where are they located?
Lie along the anterior jugular veins:
| Superficial structures of anterior neck
54
What do the superficial cervical nodes drain and where are they located?
Lie along the external jugular veins:
| From parotid nodes, angle of mandible, structures in the junction of neck, face and scalp
55
Where are the retropharyngeal nodes located and what do they drain?
Between the pharynx and vertebral bodies:
| Nasopharynx, auditory tube, upper cervical vertebrae
56
Where are the laryngeal nodes located and what do they drain?
Around cricothyroid ligament:
| Larynx and adjacent structures
57
Where are the tracheal nodes located and what do they drain?
Around trachea:
| Trachea and thyroid gland
58
Where are the tonsillar nodes found?
In the junction of the internal jugular and common facial vein (swells in tonsillitis)
59
What bone forms the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?
Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
60
What bone forms the anterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa?
Greater wings of sphenoid bone
61
Which bones form the floor of the middle cranial fossa?
Sphenoid and petrous part of temporal bone
62
What is the pterion of the skull?
Suture joining four bones come together - sphenoid, frontal, parietal and temporal
63
Which bone forms the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?
Temporal
64
Into which foramen does the groove for the sigmoid sinus lead?
Jugular foramen
65
Which vein emerges into the neck from the jugular foramen?
IJV
66
What structure passes through the foramina of the cribriform plate?
Olfactory nerve (CN I)
67
What structures pass through the optic foramen?
Optic nerve (CN II) and ophthalmic arteries
68
What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?
* Occulomotor nerve (CN III)
* Abducens nerve (CN VI)
* Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
* Ophthalmic v and a
* Sympathetic fibres
69
What structures pass through foramen rotundum?
Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2)
70
What structures pass through foramen ovale?
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3) and accessory meningeal artery
71
What structures pass through foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal a + v and meningeal branch of CN V3
72
What structures pass through foramen lacerum?
Plugged with cartilage
73
What structures pass through the carotid canal?
ICA
74
What structures pass through the internal acoustic foramen?
Facial nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve
75
What structures pass through the jugular foramen?
* IJV
* Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
* Vagus nerve (CN X)
* Accessory nerve (CN XI)
76
What structures pass through the hypoglossal foramen?
Hypoglossal nerve
77
What structures pass through the foramen Magnus?
Medulla, meninges and accessory nerve (CN XI)
78
What is the sella turcica?
Depression in the sphenoid bone which houses the pituitary gland
79
What attaches the anterior and posterior crinoid processes on either side of the sella turcica?
Tentorium cerebelli (fold of dura mater)
80
Which foramen lies immediately anterior to the groove for the cavernous sinus?
Superior orbital fissure
81
Where is the pterygoid hamulus located?
On the medial pterygoid plate
82
What muscle attaches to the medial pterygoid plates?
Superior constrictor of pharynx
83
What muscle attaches to the lateral pterygoid plates?
Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
84
What are the advantages for a neonate of having a comparatively flexible skull?
* During childbirth - allows overlapping so not pressing on brain
* During infancy - allows growth without compression
* In events such as falls - head injuries are minor as it absorbs shock
85
What types of ossification occurs in flat bones of the vault of the skull?
Intramembraneous
86
What type of ossification occurs in irregular bones of the base of the skull?
Endochondral
87
How does the dentition differ in foetal, infant and adult skulls?
* No alveolar processes in foetus
| * 20 teeth in children and 32 in adult
88
How does the tympanic membrane differ in foetal, infant and adult skulls?
Less horizontal at birth an is superficial, recedes in adults and becomes angled at 45degrees
89
How does the styloid and mastoid processes differ in foetal, infant and adult skulls?
Foetus has no styloid and mastoid processes as muscles havens developed yet
90
At what ages do the anterior and posterior fontanelles fuse?
* Anterior - 18-2yrs
| * Posterior - 3/4 months
91
What type of epithelium lines the dorsal surface of the tongue?
Stratified squamous epithelium keratinised
92
What type of muscle underlies the epithelium of the tongue?
Skeletal
93
What are the papillae found of the dorsal surface of the tongue
* Filiform papillae has NO taste buds and therefore is keratinised
* Fungiform, folliate, cubiform – with taste buds
94
What is the secretory component of salivary glands and what is their histological significance?
Serous acini secrete proteins and so they stain strongly with H&E stain
Mucous acini secrete the glycoprotein mucous which stains poorly with H+E
95
What is the function of myoepithelial cells?
Contractile to expel secretions into ducts
96
What type of secretions does the parotid gland produce?
Serous
97
What type of secretions does the submandibular gland produce?
Mixed
98
What type of secretions does the submental gland produce?
Mucous
