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Nervous System > Loss of Vision (Posterior Segment) > Flashcards

Loss of Vision (Posterior Segment) Flashcards

1
Q

What do you need to know about the HPC of loss of vision?

A
  • Unilateral/bilateral
  • Onset: sudden/gradual
  • Type of visual loss: blurred / distorted / black
  • Any associated symptoms (pain, redness, discharge)
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2
Q

Name two tests to examine degree of loss of vision

A
  • Best corrected visual acuity

* Snellen chart

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3
Q

What examination is used to examine the back of the eye?

A

Fundal examination with opthalmoscope or slit lamp and volk lens

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4
Q

Name 5 ancillary tests

A
  • Amsler test
  • Colour vision
  • Visual field assessment
  • Flurescein angiography
  • Optical coherence tomography
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5
Q

What is the Amsler test?

A

Amsler grid is a tool that is used to detect vision problems resulting from damage to the macula (the central part of the retina) or the optic nerve

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6
Q

What is optical coherence tomography?

A

Uses light waves to take cross-section pictures of your retina

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7
Q

Name two reasons for sudden complete loss of vision

A
  • Central retinal artery occlusion
  • Central retinal vein occlusion
  • Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
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8
Q

What is the management of Central retinal artery occlusion?

A

• Identify and treat risk factors

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9
Q

What is the management of Central retinal VEIN occlusion?

A
  • Identify and treat risk factors

* Intravitreal anti-Vegf

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10
Q

Name two types of Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A
  • Arteritic: Giant Cell Arteritis

* Non-arteritic

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11
Q

What is Giant Cell Arteritis (type of Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy)?

A

Loss of vision due to inflammatory disease of arteries

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12
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of Giant Cell Arteritis?

A 
Symptoms:
• Loss of vision 
• Headache 
• Loss of appetite 
• Scalp tenderness
• Pain on chewing

Signs:
Tenderness of superficial temporal arteries

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13
Q

What is the management of Giant Cell Arteritis?

A

High dose systemic steroids

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14
Q

What are the symptoms and treatment of Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Painless and identify and treat risk factors

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15
Q

Name four conditions that cause gradual loss of vision

A
  • Cataract
  • Glaucoma
  • Age related macular degeneration
  • Diabetic retinopathy
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16
Q

What is cataracts?

A

Gradual opacification of the lens

17
Q

What are the symptoms of cataracts?

A
  • Loss of vision

* Dazzle/glare

18
Q

Define glaucoma

A

Optic neuropathy with optic nerve damage and associated visual field changes usually due to raised intraocular pressure

Classification:
• Open or closed angle
• Chronic or acute

19
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of glaucoma?

A

Symptoms:
Asymptomatic
Gradual loss of peripheral field of vision

  • Signs (chronic):
  • Raised intraocular pressure
  • Visual field defects
  • Optic disc damage
20
Q

What is the treatment of chronic glaucoma?

A
  • Topical treatment

* Surgery (trabeculectomy)

21
Q

How do you treat cataracts?

A

Surgery - phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implant

22
Q

What are the signs/ symptoms of age related macular degeneration (AMD)?

A

Symptoms:
• Progressive loss of central vision
• Distorsion

Signs:
• Distorsion on amsler chart
• Drusen (fatty deposits under the retina)
• Pigment epithelial changes

23
Q

What are the two types of age related macular degeneration?

A

Dry AMD and wet (neovascular) AMD

24
Q

What are the features of Dry AMD?

A
  • Drusen (fatty deposits under retina)

* Atrophy of retina

25
Q

What is the management of dry AMD?

A
  • Low vision aids

* Registration

26
Q

What are the features of wet AMD?

A

Choroidal new vessels

27
Q

What is intravitreal antivegf?

A

Treatment to reduce the number of abnormal blood vessels in your retina. It also slows any leaking from blood vessels. This medicine is delivered to your eye through a very slender needle.

28
Q

What is the management of wet AMD?

A
  • Intravitreal antivegf
  • Low vision aids
  • Registration
29
Q

What is dry AMD?

A

When parts of the macula get thinner with age and tiny clumps of protein called druse grow.

30
Q

What is wet AMD?

A

Abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina which may leak blood and other fluids, causing scarring of the macula.

Vision is lost faster with wet AMD than with dry AMD.

31
Q

What is diabetic retinopathy?

A

This is when high blood sugar levels cause damage to blood vessels in the retina. These blood vessels can swell and leak. Or they can close, causing occlusion. Sometimes abnormal new blood vessels grow on the retina. All affecting vision.

32
Q

What are the signs of diabetic retinopathy?

A
  • Microaneurysms
  • Retinal haemorrhages and exudates
  • Neovascularisation (disc/retina)
33
Q

What is the management id diabetic retinopathy?

A
  • Intravitreal antivegf
  • Laser - pan retinal photocoagulation
  • Low vision aids
  • Registrations

Nervous System (47 decks)

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