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Physiology > The cell structure & function cont > Flashcards

The cell structure & function cont Flashcards

1
Q

___________ molecules are found in both a cell’s nucleus & cytoplasm

A

RNA

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2
Q

_______ structure consist of two strands into a double helix

A

DNA

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3
Q

What are the bases in DNA

A

A, G, C, T

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4
Q

______ structure is a simple strand

A

RNA

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5
Q

What are the bases in RNA?

A

A, G, C, & U

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6
Q

_______, _______, & _______ are energy transferring nucleotides

A

ATP,ADP, NAD, & FAD

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7
Q

___________ is just adenine & ribose

A

Adenosine

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8
Q

The carbohydrate in DNA is what?

A

Deoxyribose

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9
Q

The sugar in RNA is what?

A

Ribose

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10
Q

_________ & _________ are other common monosaccharides

A

Ribose & deoxyribose

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

Refers to all chemical reaction that occur in the body

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12
Q

What are the two classes of metabolism?

A
  1. Anabolism
  2. Catabolism
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13
Q

Anabolism

A

Is the synthesis of large molecules from smaller molecules which requires energy

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14
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules which releases energy

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15
Q

Membrane transport

A

The process where molecules move in & out of cells

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16
Q

___________ molecules can permeate the plasma membrane & move across the membrane by diffusion

A

Nonpolar

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17
Q

________ molecules can also permeate most plasma membranes

A

Small polar

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18
Q

___________ molecules can’t permeate the lipid bilayer (but some pass through the plasma with the assistance of transmembrane proteins)

A

Large polar

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19
Q

___________ & other macromolecules rely on the packaging of the molecules into vesicles

A

Proteins

20
Q

______________ is another function that all cells perform, where they communicate with each other to maintain a constant environment

A

Communication

21
Q

___________ molecules are released from one cell & reaches other cells (target cells) which contain proteins that function as receptors for that specific messenger & the binding to the receptor causes a response to the cell

A

Messenger

22
Q

__________ are used for metabolism, cellular transport, & intracellular communication

A

Proteins

23
Q

What is the general function of cells?

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Cellular transport
  3. Intercellular communication
24
Q

A gene

A

Is a portion of DNA that codes for a particular protein

25
Q

A genome

A

Is a collection of genes in a given species

26
Q

Protein synthesis takes place in the _________

A

Cytoplasm

27
Q

The genetic code is the _______ for cells

A

Blueprint

28
Q

What is the general steps for protein synthesis?

A
  1. DNA is transcribed according to the genetic code to form a complementary mRNA in the nucleus
  2. mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
  3. mRNA is translated by ribosomes to form the correct amino acids sequence of the protein in the cytoplasm
29
Q

A triplets (codon) codes for _________

A

Amino acids

30
Q

The initiator codon _____ is found in every mRNA & codes for the amino acid methionine

A

AUG

31
Q

Each codon codes for one __________ (one initiator & 3 termination codons)

A

Amino acids

32
Q

_________ is the process in which RNA is synthesized using information from the DNA & it occurs in the nucleus

A

Transcription

33
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA that can be transcribed form DNA & is involved in protein synthesis?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. rRNA
34
Q

The ____________ determines destination of the protein

A

Leader sequence

35
Q

If there no _______ the proteins remain in the cytosol

A

Leader sequence

36
Q

If the ________ chooses that the synthesis is to occur while attached to the ER the leader sequence & its associated ribosome binds to signal recognition proteins on the ER

A

Leader sequence

37
Q

Post-transcriptional processing

A

Changes in the initial polypeptide chain that occur to produce the final protein product

38
Q

______________ processing includes cleavage of some amino acids, removal of leader sequence, & addition of chemical groups such as lipids & carbohydrates which are important for protein folding stability & cell- cell adhesion

A

Post translational

39
Q

Glycosylation

A

Process where carbohydrates are added to the polypeptide in the ER & Gogi apparatus

40
Q

_____________ can often be regulated by varying the amount of a certain protein in the cell

A

Cellular function

41
Q

___________ can be regulated either at the level of transcription or translation

A

Protein synthesis

42
Q

The _______ of transcription can affect the amount of protein in the cell

A

Rate

43
Q

________ can either be turned on (Induced) or turned off (repressed)

A

Transcription

44
Q

Regulation of __________ occurs at the step where RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence on the DNA

A

Transcription

45
Q

Regulation of __________ occurs during initiation where it can be turn on or off by active initiating factor or inactive initiating factors

A

Translation

46
Q

Ubiquitin

A

Is a protein that degrades other proteins

47
Q

When _____________ molecules bind to a protein the protein bind to a proteasome which is a complex that contain proteases to hydrolyze proteins to their amino acid subunit

A

ubiquitin

Physiology (8 decks)

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