The cell structure & function cont

Question 1

___________ molecules are found in both a cell’s nucleus & cytoplasm

Answer 1

RNA

Question 2

_______ structure consist of two strands into a double helix

Answer 2

DNA

Question 3

What are the bases in DNA

Answer 3

A, G, C, T

Question 4

______ structure is a simple strand

Answer 4

RNA

Question 5

What are the bases in RNA?

Answer 5

A, G, C, & U

Question 6

_______, _______, & _______ are energy transferring nucleotides

Answer 6

ATP,ADP, NAD, & FAD

Question 7

___________ is just adenine & ribose

Answer 7

Adenosine

Question 8

The carbohydrate in DNA is what?

Answer 8

Deoxyribose

Question 9

The sugar in RNA is what?

Answer 9

Ribose

Question 10

_________ & _________ are other common monosaccharides

Answer 10

Ribose & deoxyribose

Question 11

Metabolism

Answer 11

Refers to all chemical reaction that occur in the body

Question 12

What are the two classes of metabolism?

Answer 12

1. Anabolism
2. Catabolism

Question 13

Anabolism

Answer 13

Is the synthesis of large molecules from smaller molecules which requires energy

Question 14

Catabolism

Answer 14

The breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules which releases energy

Question 15

Membrane transport

Answer 15

The process where molecules move in & out of cells

Question 16

___________ molecules can permeate the plasma membrane & move across the membrane by diffusion

Answer 16

Nonpolar

Question 17

________ molecules can also permeate most plasma membranes

Answer 17

Small polar

Question 18

___________ molecules can’t permeate the lipid bilayer (but some pass through the plasma with the assistance of transmembrane proteins)

Answer 18

Large polar

Question 19

___________ & other macromolecules rely on the packaging of the molecules into vesicles

Answer 19

Proteins

Question 20

______________ is another function that all cells perform, where they communicate with each other to maintain a constant environment

Answer 20

Communication

Question 21

___________ molecules are released from one cell & reaches other cells (target cells) which contain proteins that function as receptors for that specific messenger & the binding to the receptor causes a response to the cell

Answer 21

Messenger

Question 22

__________ are used for metabolism, cellular transport, & intracellular communication

Answer 22

Proteins

Question 23

What is the general function of cells?

Answer 23

1. Metabolism
2. Cellular transport
3. Intercellular communication

Question 24

A gene

Answer 24

Is a portion of DNA that codes for a particular protein

Question 25

A genome

Answer 25

Is a collection of genes in a given species

Question 26

Protein synthesis takes place in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 26

Cytoplasm

Question 27

The genetic code is the _______ for cells

Answer 27

Blueprint

Question 28

What is the general steps for protein synthesis?

Answer 28

1. DNA is transcribed according to the genetic code to form a complementary mRNA in the nucleus 2. mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm 3. mRNA is translated by ribosomes to form the correct amino acids sequence of the protein in the cytoplasm

Question 29

A triplets (codon) codes for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 29

Amino acids

Question 30

The initiator codon _____ is found in every mRNA & codes for the amino acid methionine

Answer 30

AUG

Question 31

Each codon codes for one __________ (one initiator & 3 termination codons)

Answer 31

Amino acids

Question 32

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process in which RNA is synthesized using information from the DNA & it occurs in the nucleus

Answer 32

Transcription

Question 33

What are the 3 types of RNA that can be transcribed form DNA & is involved in protein synthesis?

Answer 33

1. mRNA 2. tRNA 3. rRNA

Question 34

The ____________ determines destination of the protein

Answer 34

Leader sequence

Question 35

If there no _______ the proteins remain in the cytosol

Answer 35

Leader sequence

Question 36

If the ________ chooses that the synthesis is to occur while attached to the ER the leader sequence & its associated ribosome binds to signal recognition proteins on the ER

Answer 36

Leader sequence

Question 37

Post-transcriptional processing

Answer 37

Changes in the initial polypeptide chain that occur to produce the final protein product

Question 38

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ processing includes cleavage of some amino acids, removal of leader sequence, & addition of chemical groups such as lipids & carbohydrates which are important for protein folding stability & cell- cell adhesion

Answer 38

Post translational

Question 39

Glycosylation

Answer 39

Process where carbohydrates are added to the polypeptide in the ER & Gogi apparatus

Question 40

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can often be regulated by varying the amount of a certain protein in the cell

Answer 40

Cellular function

Question 41

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be regulated either at the level of transcription or translation

Answer 41

Protein synthesis

Question 42

The _______ of transcription can affect the amount of protein in the cell

Answer 42

Rate

Question 43

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can either be turned on (Induced) or turned off (repressed)

Answer 43

Transcription

Question 44

Regulation of __________ occurs at the step where RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence on the DNA

Answer 44

Transcription

Question 45

Regulation of __________ occurs during initiation where it can be turn on or off by active initiating factor or inactive initiating factors

Answer 45

Translation

Question 46

Ubiquitin

Answer 46

Is a protein that degrades other proteins

Question 47

When _____________ molecules bind to a protein the protein bind to a proteasome which is a complex that contain proteases to hydrolyze proteins to their amino acid subunit

Answer 47

ubiquitin