Introduction to physiology (cont)

Question 1

____________ mainly focuses on the stability of the extracellular fluid compartment (ECF)

Answer 1

Homeostasis

Question 2

During homeostasis the composition of both body compartments ICF & ECF are stable in a ___________

Answer 2

Steady state

Question 3

Steady State

Answer 3

Is not equilibrium because equilibrium means that the composition of the ECF & ICF are identical & they are not (therefore they are in disequilibrium)

Question 4

What are the two basic patterns of control mechanism?

Answer 4

1. Local Control

2. Long-distance reflex control

Question 5

All control system has what 3 components?

Answer 5

1. An input signal
2. An integrating center (controller)- that integrate incoming information & initiates an appropriate response
3. An output signal that cause a response

Question 6

____________ is restricted to a tissue

Answer 6

Local Control

Question 7

The simplest form of control is ___________

Answer 7

Local Control

Question 8

Local Control

Answer 8

Is restricted to the tissue or cell involved so an isolated control occurs in a tissue (local change leads to local response)

Question 9

In __________ a nearby cell or group of cells senses the changes in their vicinity & responds usually by releasing a chemical (where the response is restricted to the region where the change took place)

Answer 9

Local Change

Question 10

___________ control uses long

Question 11

___________ control uses long

Question 12

___________ control uses long- distance signaling

Answer 12

Reflex Control

Question 13

Reflex Control

Answer 13

Any long-distance pathway that uses the nervous, endocrine system or both

Question 14

What are the two parts that a physiological reflex can be broken down into?

Answer 14

1. A response loop

2. Feedback loop

Question 15

What are the 3 components to a response loop?

Answer 15

1. An input signal
2. Integrating center to integrate the signal
3. An output signal

Question 16

What are the steps taken in the response loop with the 3 components?

Answer 16

Stimulus ——-> sensor ——> input signal ——> integrating center ——-> output signal ——-> target —–> response

Question 17

The input side of the response loop starts with a __________

Answer 17

Stimulus

Question 18

Stimulus

Answer 18

The change that occurs when the regulated variable moves out of its range

Question 19

A ____________ is used to monitor the variable & if the sensor is activated by the stimulus, it sends an input signal to the integrating center

Answer 19

Sensor

Question 20

The ___________ evaluates the information coming from the sensor & imitates an output signal

Answer 20

Integrating center

Question 21

The ____________ directs a target to carry out a response to try to bring variable back to regular range

Answer 21

Output Signal

Question 22

The ___________ is the sequence from stimulus to response

Answer 22

Response loop

Question 23

____________ begins with a stimulus

Answer 23

Response loop

Question 24

_____________ modulate the response loop

Answer 24

Feedback loop

Question 25

Feedback loop

Answer 25

Where the response “feedback” to influence the input portion of the pathway

Question 26

______________ loops are involved in homeostasis

Answer 26

Negative feedback loop

Question 27

For most reflexes negative feedback loops are ___________ where they keep the system at or near a setpoint so that the regulated variable is stable

Answer 27

Homeostasis

Question 28

Negative Feedback

Answer 28

Pathway in which the response opposes or removes the signal

Question 29

_____________ loop stabilize the regulated variable & helps in homeostasis

Answer 29

Negative feedback loop

Question 30

____________ can restore the normal state but can’t prevent the initial disturbance

Answer 30

Negative feedback

Question 31

_____________ loops are not involved in homeostasis

Answer 31

Positive feedback loop

Question 32

A few reflex pathways aren’t homeostatic where they are _______________

Answer 32

Positive feedback loop

Question 33

Positive feedback loop

Answer 33

The response reinforces the stimulus rather than decrease or removes it

Question 34

In _____________ the response sends the regulated variable even farther from its nor range/ value where, so an outside factor is needed to stop the feedback

Answer 34

Positive feedback loop

Question 35

_____________ control allows the body to anticipate change

Answer 35

Feedforward

Question 36

Feedforward control

Answer 36

Reflex that enables the body to predict that a change is about to occur & start the response loop in anticipation of the change (ex. having a watering mouth when thinking of food)

Question 37

Acclimatization

Answer 37

The adaptation of physiological process to a given set of environmental condition (where it occurs naturally)

Question 38

Acclimation

Answer 38

Is when the process is forced or takes place in a lab setting