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Physiology > Introduction to physiology pt 2 cont > Flashcards

Introduction to physiology pt 2 cont Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Is a metabolic disease that affects blood glucose levels & plasma volume & causes excessive thirst & fluid loss

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2
Q

The ________ you get the more prone you are to getting diabetes

A

Older

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3
Q

Obesity

A

Having a high body fat content relative to lean body mass

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4
Q

_________ is identified using the body mass index (BMI) scale which measures weight relative to height

A

Obesity

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5
Q

What is the BMI equation?

A

BMI = Body weight (kg)/ Height (m2)

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6
Q

A BMI of _______ indicates a person is overweight

A

25-29

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7
Q

A BMI of _______ indicates obesity

A

30-39

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8
Q

A BMI over ______ indicates server obesity

A

39

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9
Q

Insulin

A

Is a hormone released from the pancreas when blood glucose levels are elevated

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10
Q

What are the 5 type of diabetes?

A
  1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
  2. Type 2 DM
  3. Gestational Diabetes
  4. Diabetes insipidus
  5. Prediabetes
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11
Q

A characteristic of diabetes mellitus (DM) is ______________

A

High blood glucose levels

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12
Q

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus (DM)?

A
  1. Type 1 DM
  2. Type 2 DM
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13
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1 DM) is referred to as __________________ because damage to the beta cells of the pancreas keeps them from secreting enough insulin in the blood to regulate blood glucose & it’s also called “juvenile onset” because this form of DM occurs at early age

A

Insulin -dependent DM (or juvenile onset)

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14
Q

________ DM is characterized by failure to respond to insulin when its levels are normal

A

Type 2

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15
Q

_______ DM is referred to as non-insulin dependent DM (or adult- onset DM)

A

Type 2

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16
Q

__________ DM is the disease associated with the diabetic epidemic

A

Type 2

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17
Q

People with _______ DM have normal beta cells in their pancreas that secrete insulin at appropriate levels to regulate blood glucose but because the target cells are incapable of responding to insulin, they don’t take up glucose from the blood

A

Type 2

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18
Q

The failure of not taking up glucose from the blood has what two consequences?

A
  1. The cells don’t get the glucose they need for energy
  2. The glucose levels in the blood rises
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19
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Is a subclass of type 2 DM which develops in 4% of pregnant women

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20
Q

For ____________ diabetes hormones produced in high amount during pregnancy which induce insulin resistance & 5-10% of women who get ____________ diabetes gets type 2 DM after birth

A

Gestational

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21
Q

In _________ blood glucose levels are elevated but not as much in full diabetes/ most likely to get type 2 DM in 10 yrs

A

Prediabetes

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22
Q

____________ have fasting blood glucose levels of 100-125 mg/dL

A

Prediabetes

23
Q

______________ has a problem in regulating plasma volume (different from diabetes mellitus)

A

Diabetes insipidus

24
Q

______________ causes people urine not to be sweet unlike in DM

A

Diabetes insipidus

25
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Decreases the amount of water lost in the urine

26
Q

One cause of diabetes insipidus is inadequate _____ secretion & another cause of it is tissue resistance to ADH which can occur during pregnancy

A

ADH

27
Q

The amin symptom shared by people who have DM & diabetes insipidus is __________ & __________

A

Copious urination & excessive thirst

28
Q

Diagnostic procedures for ____________ includes measuring ADH levels in blood, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain & a water deprivation test in which the patient is deprived of water & plasma sodium concentration is measured every hour

A

Diabetes insipidus

29
Q

To test for ________ fasting plasma glucose levels are measured & a glucose tolerance test is performed

A

Diabetes

30
Q

Normal fasting plasma glucose level are _______ mg/dL

A

60-100

31
Q

Fasting plasma glucose levels of _______ mg/dL indicate prediabetes

A

100-125

32
Q

Fasting plasma glucose levels greater than ________ mg/dL indicate diabetes

A

125

33
Q

For oral glucose tolerance test a 2 hr plasma glucose level of less than ______ mg/dL is normal

A

139

34
Q

Oral plasma glucose levels between _________ is prediabetic

A

140-199mg/dL

35
Q

Oral plasma glucose level greater than ______ mg/dL indicates diabetes

A

200

36
Q

What symptoms are most common with DM? (things it can cause)

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Fatigue, lethargy, coma
  3. Eyes, kidney microvasculature
  4. Heart, stomach
  5. Neuropathy
  6. Erectile dysfunction
  7. Atherosclerosis
37
Q

As diabetes progresses it affect _______ system in the body

A

Every

38
Q

Some treatments such as _______ are used to help control glucose levels by maintaining fasting blood glucose levels between 70-120mg/dL (reduces incidences of eye disease, kidney disease & never damage)

A

therapies

39
Q

Another way to treat diabetes is putting patients on a ______

A

Diet

40
Q

_______ DM have to administer insulin to treat their diabetes to control their blood glucose levels

A

Type 1 DM (sum times type 2)

41
Q

______________ & ______________ are drugs that stimulate beta cells to increase insulin secretion which is used to treat type 2 DM

A

Sulfonylureas & Meglitinides

42
Q

Thiazolidinediones (another drug)

A

Enhances the action of insulin on muscle & fat cells & decrease the amount of glucose produced by the liver (used for type 2 DM)

43
Q

Hemoglobin A1c

A

Estimates blood glucose for 2-3 months

44
Q

Error signal

A

Difference between the value of the set point & the regulated variable

45
Q

TBW (Total body water) is how many liters?

A

Is 42L & consist of water & dissolved materials

46
Q

The body is divided into ____________ which contains fluid & is separated by semibearable epithelial membranes

A

Compartments

47
Q

__________ occurs between compartments

A

Transport

48
Q

ICF is how many liters?

A

28L & is fluid inside cells (cyptoplasm)

49
Q

ECF is how many liters?

A

14L & is fluid outside the cell

50
Q

What are the subdivisions of ECF?

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Interstitial fluid
51
Q

Plasma is how many liters?

A

3L & it surround the blood

52
Q

Interstitial fluid is how many liters?

A

11L & surrounds all other cells

53
Q

A BMI over ____ is morbid obesity

A

40

Physiology (8 decks)

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