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physiology > Introduction to physiology > Flashcards

Introduction to physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

Is the study of the normal functioning of a living organism & it’s a component part

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2
Q

Emergent Properties

A

Properties that can’t be predicted to exist based only on knowledge of the system’s individual components

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3
Q

An ______ property is not a property of any single component of a system & its greater than the simple sum of the system’s individual parts

A

Emergent

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4
Q

An ______ property results from complex, nonlinear interactions of the different components

A

emergent

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5
Q

The integration of __________ across many levels of organization is a special focus of physiology

A

Function

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6
Q

Cells

A

The smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out all life processes

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7
Q

Cell membrane

A

Sperates cells from their external environment

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8
Q

Tissues

A

Collection of cells that carry out related functions

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9
Q

Tissues form structural & functional units called _________ & they form organ systems

A

Organs

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10
Q

The integumentary system

A

Composed of the skin, forms a protective boundary that separates the body’s internal environment from the external environment

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11
Q

The musculosketal system

A

Provides support & body movement

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12
Q

The respiratory (pulmonary) system

A

Exchanges gases

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13
Q

Digestive (gastrointestinal) system

A

Takes up nutrients & water & eliminates wastes

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14
Q

Urinary (renal) system

A

Produces eggs or sperm

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15
Q

Circulatory (cardiovascular) system

A

Distributes materials by pumping blood

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16
Q

Nervous & endocrine

A

Coordinates body functions

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17
Q

Teleological approach

A

Answers the question why (why system do what they do) (ex. why red blood cells transport oxygen)

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18
Q

Mechanism

A

Is the “how” of the system

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19
Q

Mechanistic approach

A

Examines the process (ex. how do red blood cells transport oxygen)

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20
Q

Translational research

A

Uses insights & results gained from basic biomedical research on mechanism to develop treatments & strategies for preventing human diseases

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21
Q

What are the 4 themes that relate to physiology?

A
  1. Structure- function relationship
  2. biological energy use
  3. Information flow within an organism
  4. Homeostasis & the control systems that maintain it
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22
Q

What are the two subdivisions of structure & function?

A
  1. Molecular interactions
  2. Compartmentations
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23
Q

Molecular interactions

A

The ability of individual molecules to bind to or react with other molecules is essential for biological functions

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24
Q

A molecule functions depends on its structure & shape where a small change in its structure can change its ___________

A

Functions

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25
Q

What are chemical properties associated with physiology?

A
  1. Compliance - ability to stretch
  2. Elastance- stiffness or the ability to return to the unstretched state
  3. Strength
  4. Flexibility
  5. Fluidity (viscosity)
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26
Q

Compartmentation

A

Is the division of space into separate compartments

27
Q

_____________ allow a cell, tissue, or an organ to specialize & isolate

A

Compartments

27
Q

_____________ allow a cell, tissue, or an organ to specialize & isolate

A

Compartments

28
Q

Growth, reproduction, movement, homeostasis, & other processes in an organism require the continuous input of _________

A

Energy

29
Q

In the human body, ____________ flow between cells coordinates functions

A

Information

30
Q

______________ uses chemical signals, electrical signals, or combination of both

A

Cell- to - cell

31
Q

Organisms that survive in challenging habitats cope with external variability by keeping their __________ environment stable which is called homeostasis

A

Internal Environment

32
Q

If the body fails to maintain ___________ of the critical variables, then normal functions is disrupted & a disease state (pathological condition) may result

A

Homeostasis

33
Q

What are the variables under which homeostasis control?

A
  1. Environment factors- osmolarity, temp., & pH
  2. Materials for cell needs- nutrients, water, sodium, calcium, & other inorganic ions
  3. Internal Secretion- hormones & other chemicals our cell uses to communicate with other
34
Q

In _____________ the body monitors its internal state & takes actions to correct disruptions that threaten its normal function

A

Homeostasis

35
Q

What are the two categories that diseases fall into?

A
  1. Those in which the problem arises from internal failure of some normal physiological process (Internal causes)
  2. Those that originate from some outside source (External source)
36
Q

______________ of disease include the abnormal growth of cells (may cause cancer or benign tumors) & the premature death of cells or the failure of cell process

A

Internal causes

37
Q

______________ are also considered to have internal causes

A

Inherited disorders

38
Q

In both internal & external causes of diseases when _______________ is disturbed the body attempts to fix it & if it does fix it then ______________ is restored & if it can’t fix it then illness or disease may result

A

Homeostasis

39
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of body functions in a disease state

40
Q

Diabetes mellitus (pathological conditions)

A

A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood glucose concentrations

41
Q

The internal environment of the body for multicellular animals is the watery internal environment that surrounds the cell called what?

A

The extracellular fluid (ECF)

42
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Serves as the transition between an organism’s external environment & the intracellular fluid (ICF) inside cells

43
Q

_________________ is a buffer zone between cells & the outside world so when the extracellular fluid is out of its normal range, mechanisms take place to restore balance

A

Extracellular fluid

44
Q

Homeostasis depends on what?

A

Mass balance

45
Q

Law of mass balance

A

Says that if the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss

46
Q

The amount of a substance in the body is called what?

A

The body load (“Sodium load) (ex. Water loss to the external environment (output) like sweat or pee must be balanced by water intake (input)

47
Q

The concentrations of other substances like oxygen & carbon dioxide, salts, & hydrogen ions (pH) are maintained through _____________

A

Mass balance

48
Q

Input (related to mass balance)

A

Intake through lungs, skin, or metabolic productions

49
Q

Output (relating to mass balance)

A

Excretion by kidney, liver, lung, skin, or metabolism to a new substance

50
Q

What are the 2 options for output the body have to maintain mass balance?

A
  1. To excrete the material (excretion) (x. carbon dioxide is excreted through the lungs)
  2. Convert the substance to a different substance through metabolism
51
Q

Foreign substances like drugs & artificial food additives are excreted through the _________ & ___________

A

Liver & kidney

52
Q

Xenobiotic

A

A foreign substance in the body

53
Q

Metabolic

A

The genral term for any product created in a metabolic pathway

54
Q

____________ can be used to follow material through the body where it describes the rate of transport of a substance as it moves through the body fluids or in & out the body

A

Mass flow

55
Q

Mass flow equation

A

Mass flow (amount x/ min) = concentration (amount x/ vol) x volume flow (vol/min) (volume flow describes the flow of blood, air, urine, etc

56
Q

___________ coordinates body function

A

Information flow

57
Q

Homeostasis maintains __________

A

Internal stability

58
Q

Excretion

A

The elimination of material from the body usually through urine, poop, lungs, or skin

59
Q

____________ clears substances from the body

A

Excretion

60
Q

Clearance

A

The rate at which the substance disappears from the blood (an indirect measure of how substance are handed in the body doesn’t say where the substance goes)

61
Q

____________ is usually expressed as a volume of blood cleared of a substance per unit of time (70ml plasma cleared per minis 70mL plasma/min)

A

Clearance

62
Q

The ________ & ________ are two primary organs that clear solutes from the body

A

Kidney & liver

63
Q

Homeostasis doesn’t mean ____________

A

Equilibrium

physiology (8 decks)

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