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Introduction to physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

Is the study of the normal functioning of a living organism & it’s a component part

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2
Q

Emergent Properties

A

Properties that can’t be predicted to exist based only on knowledge of the system’s individual components

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3
Q

An ______ property is not a property of any single component of a system & its greater than the simple sum of the system’s individual parts

A

Emergent

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4
Q

An ______ property results from complex, nonlinear interactions of the different components

A

emergent

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5
Q

The integration of __________ across many levels of organization is a special focus of physiology

A

Function

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6
Q

Cells

A

The smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out all life processes

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7
Q

Cell membrane

A

Sperates cells from their external environment

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8
Q

Tissues

A

Collection of cells that carry out related functions

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9
Q

Tissues form structural & functional units called _________ & they form organ systems

A

Organs

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10
Q

The integumentary system

A

Composed of the skin, forms a protective boundary that separates the body’s internal environment from the external environment

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11
Q

The musculosketal system

A

Provides support & body movement

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12
Q

The respiratory (pulmonary) system

A

Exchanges gases

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13
Q

Digestive (gastrointestinal) system

A

Takes up nutrients & water & eliminates wastes

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14
Q

Urinary (renal) system

A

Produces eggs or sperm

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15
Q

Circulatory (cardiovascular) system

A

Distributes materials by pumping blood

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16
Q

Nervous & endocrine

A

Coordinates body functions

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17
Q

Teleological approach

A

Answers the question why (why system do what they do) (ex. why red blood cells transport oxygen)

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18
Q

Mechanism

A

Is the “how” of the system

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19
Q

Mechanistic approach

A

Examines the process (ex. how do red blood cells transport oxygen)

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20
Q

Translational research

A

Uses insights & results gained from basic biomedical research on mechanism to develop treatments & strategies for preventing human diseases

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21
Q

What are the 4 themes that relate to physiology?

A
  1. Structure- function relationship
  2. biological energy use
  3. Information flow within an organism
  4. Homeostasis & the control systems that maintain it
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22
Q

What are the two subdivisions of structure & function?

A
  1. Molecular interactions
  2. Compartmentations
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23
Q

Molecular interactions

A

The ability of individual molecules to bind to or react with other molecules is essential for biological functions

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24
Q

A molecule functions depends on its structure & shape where a small change in its structure can change its ___________

A

Functions

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25
What are chemical properties associated with physiology?
1. Compliance - ability to stretch 2. Elastance- stiffness or the ability to return to the unstretched state 3. Strength 4. Flexibility 5. Fluidity (viscosity)
26
Compartmentation
Is the division of space into separate compartments
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ allow a cell, tissue, or an organ to specialize & isolate
Compartments
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ allow a cell, tissue, or an organ to specialize & isolate
Compartments
28
Growth, reproduction, movement, homeostasis, & other processes in an organism require the continuous input of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Energy
29
In the human body, ____________ flow between cells coordinates functions
Information
30
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ uses chemical signals, electrical signals, or combination of both
Cell- to - cell
31
Organisms that survive in challenging habitats cope with external variability by keeping their __________ environment stable which is called homeostasis
Internal Environment
32
If the body fails to maintain ___________ of the critical variables, then normal functions is disrupted & a disease state (pathological condition) may result
Homeostasis
33
What are the variables under which homeostasis control?
1. Environment factors- osmolarity, temp., & pH 2. Materials for cell needs- nutrients, water, sodium, calcium, & other inorganic ions 3. Internal Secretion- hormones & other chemicals our cell uses to communicate with other
34
In _____________ the body monitors its internal state & takes actions to correct disruptions that threaten its normal function
Homeostasis
35
What are the two categories that diseases fall into?
1. Those in which the problem arises from internal failure of some normal physiological process (Internal causes) 2. Those that originate from some outside source (External source)
36
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of disease include the abnormal growth of cells (may cause cancer or benign tumors) & the premature death of cells or the failure of cell process
Internal causes
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are also considered to have internal causes
Inherited disorders
38
In both internal & external causes of diseases when _______________ is disturbed the body attempts to fix it & if it does fix it then ______________ is restored & if it can't fix it then illness or disease may result
Homeostasis
39
Pathophysiology
The study of body functions in a disease state
40
Diabetes mellitus (pathological conditions)
A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood glucose concentrations
41
The internal environment of the body for multicellular animals is the watery internal environment that surrounds the cell called what?
The extracellular fluid (ECF)
42
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Serves as the transition between an organism's external environment & the intracellular fluid (ICF) inside cells
43
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a buffer zone between cells & the outside world so when the extracellular fluid is out of its normal range, mechanisms take place to restore balance
Extracellular fluid
44
Homeostasis depends on what?
Mass balance
45
Law of mass balance
Says that if the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss
46
The amount of a substance in the body is called what?
The body load ("Sodium load) (ex. Water loss to the external environment (output) like sweat or pee must be balanced by water intake (input)
47
The concentrations of other substances like oxygen & carbon dioxide, salts, & hydrogen ions (pH) are maintained through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Mass balance
48
Input (related to mass balance)
Intake through lungs, skin, or metabolic productions
49
Output (relating to mass balance)
Excretion by kidney, liver, lung, skin, or metabolism to a new substance
50
What are the 2 options for output the body have to maintain mass balance?
1. To excrete the material (excretion) (x. carbon dioxide is excreted through the lungs) 2. Convert the substance to a different substance through metabolism
51
Foreign substances like drugs & artificial food additives are excreted through the _________ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Liver & kidney
52
Xenobiotic
A foreign substance in the body
53
Metabolic
The genral term for any product created in a metabolic pathway
54
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be used to follow material through the body where it describes the rate of transport of a substance as it moves through the body fluids or in & out the body
Mass flow
55
Mass flow equation
Mass flow (amount x/ min) = concentration (amount x/ vol) x volume flow (vol/min) (volume flow describes the flow of blood, air, urine, etc
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ coordinates body function
Information flow
57
Homeostasis maintains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Internal stability
58
Excretion
The elimination of material from the body usually through urine, poop, lungs, or skin
59
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ clears substances from the body
Excretion
60
Clearance
The rate at which the substance disappears from the blood (an indirect measure of how substance are handed in the body doesn't say where the substance goes)
61
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is usually expressed as a volume of blood cleared of a substance per unit of time (70ml plasma cleared per minis 70mL plasma/min)
Clearance
62
The ________ & ________ are two primary organs that clear solutes from the body
Kidney & liver
63
Homeostasis doesn't mean \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Equilibrium

Physiology (8 decks)

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