Introduction to physiology pt 2

Question 1

Cells

Answer 1

Are the smallest living units

Question 2

______ are grouped together to form tissues, which then form organs, which then work together to form organ systems

Answer 2

Cells

Question 3

What are the 4 major cell types?

Answer 3

1. Neurons
2. Muscle cells
3. Epithelial cells
4. Connective tissue

Question 4

What does it mean when people say body functions are integrated?

Answer 4

Proper functioning of one part of the body depends on functions of different parts of the body

Question 5

Nerve cells (neurons)

Answer 5

Transmit information in the form of electrical signals

Question 6

_______ typically possess branches that function to receive signals from or transmit signals to other cells

Answer 6

Neurons

Question 7

Certain _______ receive information from the outside environment & allow us to perceive the world through our senses (ex. those in our eye or in our skin)

Answer 7

Neurons

Question 8

Other ______ relay signals to muscles, glands, & other organs enabling the control of movement, hormone secretion, & other bodily functions

Answer 8

Neurons

Question 9

Other neurons process __________ enabling us to conceptualize, remember, formulate plans of action & experience emotion (ex. those in the brain)

Answer 9

Information

Question 10

Muscle cells (Muscle fibers)

Answer 10

Specialized to contract which thereby generate mechanical force & movement

Question 11

__________ are found in the muscle of arms, legs, & other body parts whose movements are under voluntary control (skeletal muscle)

Answer 11

Muscle fibers

Question 12

Muscle fibers are also found in the _______ & blood vessels (smooth muscles)

Answer 12

Heart (cardiac muscle)

Question 13

Epithelial cells

Answer 13

Are found in tissues called epithelia which consist of a continuous sheetlike layer of cells with an underlying layer called a basement membrane

Question 14

Simple epithelium

Answer 14

Cell layer is one cell thick

Question 15

Stratified epithelium

Answer 15

Cell layer is several cells thick

Question 16

Squamous epithelium

Answer 16

Cells shape is short & flattened

Question 17

Cuboidal epithelium

Answer 17

Cells shape are regular square- shape

Question 18

Columnar epithelium

Answer 18

Cell shape is tall & oblong

Question 19

Lumen

Answer 19

The interior cavity of a hollow organ or vessel

Question 20

Some epithelial cells form _______ which are organs specialized in the synthesis & secretion of a product

Answer 20

Glands

Question 21

What are the two types of glands?

Answer 21

1. Exocrine
2. Endocrine

Question 22

Exocrine glands

Answer 22

Secrete a product into a duct leading to the external environment (ex. Sweat glands & salivary glands)

Question 23

Endocrine glands

Answer 23

Secrete hormone which are chemical that communicate a message to cells of the body into the bloodstream (ex. pituitary gland & external gland)

Question 24

_______ cells are the most diverse where it includes blood cells, bone cells, fat cells, etc

Answer 24

Connective tissue

Question 25

Connective tissue

Answer 25

Refers to any structure whose primary function is to provide physical support for other structures, to anchor them in place, or to link them together (ex. tendons- which anchor muscles to bones)

Question 26

Connective tissue consists of widely scattered cells embedded int he _________________ which contains a dense meshwork of proteins & other large molecules

Answer 26

Extracellular matrix

Question 27

Organs

Answer 27

When two or more tissues combine to make up structures that perform particular functions (ex. the heart is an organ whose primary function is to pump blood)

Question 28

Organ systems

Answer 28

Collection of organs that work together to perform certain function (ex. cardiovascular system whose function is to deliver blood to all the body's tissues, the cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, & the blood)

Question 29

The body's external environment

Answer 29

A layer of epithelial tissue separates the external environment from the interior of the body

Question 30

Internal environment

Answer 30

Fluid inside the body that brings in oxygen & nutrients & also brings out waste

Question 31

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most abundant substance in the body which acts as a solvent for solutes in the body fluids

Answer 31

Water

Question 32

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & ____________ tissues are selectively permeable or super permeable

Answer 32

Cell membranes & epithelial tissues

Question 33

Total body water (TBW)

Answer 33

The volume of water contained in all the body's compartments & is the total volume of fluid enclosed within the outer epithelial layer

Question 34

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 34

Fluid located inside the cell

Question 35

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 35

Fluid located outside the cell

Question 36

The total body water includes the ______ & \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 36

ICF & ECF

Question 37

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contains proteins & is rich in potassium

Answer 37

ICF

Question 38

\_\_\_\_\_\_ barely contains proteins & is rich in sodium

Answer 38

ECF

Question 39

Plasma

Answer 39

Is the ECF found in the blood

Question 40

Interstitial fluid (ISF)

Answer 40

Is the ECF found outside the blood & that bathes most of the cells in the body

Question 41

What are the 5 different body fluid compartments?

Answer 41

1. Total body water (TBW) 2. Intracellular fluid (ICF) 3. Extracellular fluid (ECF) 4. Plasma 5. Interstitial fluid

Question 42

Homeostasis

Answer 42

The maintained of relating constant conditions in the internal environment

Question 43

The __________ is regulated to maintain constant where the composition, temp, & volume of ECF doesn't change significantly under normal conditions

Answer 43

Internal environment

Question 44

The ________ is normally kept at a temp of 98.6 degree

Answer 44

body

Question 45

Failure of any system to maintain ___________ gives rise to diseases

Answer 45

Homeostasis

Question 46

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a regulated variable because its not free vary but its instead regulated to stay within a narrow limit

Answer 46

Body temp

Question 47

Negative feedback

Answer 47

If a regulated variable increases the systems responds by making it decrease & if it decreases the system responds by making it increase (pattern for homeostatic regulatory mechanism)

Question 48

Most _____________ mechanisms make adjustment only they detect a difference between the actual value of the regulated variable & the set point (desired value) (any difference between the 2 is called an error signal)

Answer 48

Regulatory

Question 49

To operate a homeostatic regulatory mechanism uses a _________ to keep track of the regulated variable where the sensor sends signal (input) to an integrating center which then decides how to go about the error signal where it sends signals (output) to cells, tissues, or organs to bring about the final response

Answer 49

Sensor

Question 50

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ triggers changes in the regulated variable only when appropriate to help maintain homeostasis

Answer 50

Negative feedback

Question 51

Positive feedback

Answer 51

The response of the system goes in the same direction as the change that sets it in motion (doesn't maintain homeostasis)