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Physiology > Introduction to physiology pt 2 > Flashcards

Introduction to physiology pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

Are the smallest living units

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2
Q

______ are grouped together to form tissues, which then form organs, which then work together to form organ systems

A

Cells

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3
Q

What are the 4 major cell types?

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Muscle cells
  3. Epithelial cells
  4. Connective tissue
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4
Q

What does it mean when people say body functions are integrated?

A

Proper functioning of one part of the body depends on functions of different parts of the body

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5
Q

Nerve cells (neurons)

A

Transmit information in the form of electrical signals

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6
Q

_______ typically possess branches that function to receive signals from or transmit signals to other cells

A

Neurons

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7
Q

Certain _______ receive information from the outside environment & allow us to perceive the world through our senses (ex. those in our eye or in our skin)

A

Neurons

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8
Q

Other ______ relay signals to muscles, glands, & other organs enabling the control of movement, hormone secretion, & other bodily functions

A

Neurons

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9
Q

Other neurons process __________ enabling us to conceptualize, remember, formulate plans of action & experience emotion (ex. those in the brain)

A

Information

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10
Q

Muscle cells (Muscle fibers)

A

Specialized to contract which thereby generate mechanical force & movement

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11
Q

__________ are found in the muscle of arms, legs, & other body parts whose movements are under voluntary control (skeletal muscle)

A

Muscle fibers

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12
Q

Muscle fibers are also found in the _______ & blood vessels (smooth muscles)

A

Heart (cardiac muscle)

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13
Q

Epithelial cells

A

Are found in tissues called epithelia which consist of a continuous sheetlike layer of cells with an underlying layer called a basement membrane

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14
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Cell layer is one cell thick

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15
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Cell layer is several cells thick

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16
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Cells shape is short & flattened

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17
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Cells shape are regular square- shape

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18
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

Cell shape is tall & oblong

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19
Q

Lumen

A

The interior cavity of a hollow organ or vessel

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20
Q

Some epithelial cells form _______ which are organs specialized in the synthesis & secretion of a product

A

Glands

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21
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A
  1. Exocrine
  2. Endocrine
22
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete a product into a duct leading to the external environment (ex. Sweat glands & salivary glands)

23
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormone which are chemical that communicate a message to cells of the body into the bloodstream (ex. pituitary gland & external gland)

24
Q

_______ cells are the most diverse where it includes blood cells, bone cells, fat cells, etc

A

Connective tissue

25
Q

Connective tissue

A

Refers to any structure whose primary function is to provide physical support for other structures, to anchor them in place, or to link them together (ex. tendons- which anchor muscles to bones)

26
Q

Connective tissue consists of widely scattered cells embedded int he _________________ which contains a dense meshwork of proteins & other large molecules

A

Extracellular matrix

27
Q

Organs

A

When two or more tissues combine to make up structures that perform particular functions (ex. the heart is an organ whose primary function is to pump blood)

28
Q

Organ systems

A

Collection of organs that work together to perform certain function (ex. cardiovascular system whose function is to deliver blood to all the body’s tissues, the cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, & the blood)

29
Q

The body’s external environment

A

A layer of epithelial tissue separates the external environment from the interior of the body

30
Q

Internal environment

A

Fluid inside the body that brings in oxygen & nutrients & also brings out waste

31
Q

_______ is the most abundant substance in the body which acts as a solvent for solutes in the body fluids

A

Water

32
Q

____________ & ____________ tissues are selectively permeable or super permeable

A

Cell membranes & epithelial tissues

33
Q

Total body water (TBW)

A

The volume of water contained in all the body’s compartments & is the total volume of fluid enclosed within the outer epithelial layer

34
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

Fluid located inside the cell

35
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Fluid located outside the cell

36
Q

The total body water includes the ______ & _____

A

ICF & ECF

37
Q

_______ contains proteins & is rich in potassium

A

ICF

38
Q

______ barely contains proteins & is rich in sodium

A

ECF

39
Q

Plasma

A

Is the ECF found in the blood

40
Q

Interstitial fluid (ISF)

A

Is the ECF found outside the blood & that bathes most of the cells in the body

41
Q

What are the 5 different body fluid compartments?

A
  1. Total body water (TBW)
  2. Intracellular fluid (ICF)
  3. Extracellular fluid (ECF)
  4. Plasma
  5. Interstitial fluid
42
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintained of relating constant conditions in the internal environment

43
Q

The __________ is regulated to maintain constant where the composition, temp, & volume of ECF doesn’t change significantly under normal conditions

A

Internal environment

44
Q

The ________ is normally kept at a temp of 98.6 degree

A

body

45
Q

Failure of any system to maintain ___________ gives rise to diseases

A

Homeostasis

46
Q

________________ is a regulated variable because its not free vary but its instead regulated to stay within a narrow limit

A

Body temp

47
Q

Negative feedback

A

If a regulated variable increases the systems responds by making it decrease & if it decreases the system responds by making it increase (pattern for homeostatic regulatory mechanism)

48
Q

Most _____________ mechanisms make adjustment only they detect a difference between the actual value of the regulated variable & the set point (desired value) (any difference between the 2 is called an error signal)

A

Regulatory

49
Q

To operate a homeostatic regulatory mechanism uses a _________ to keep track of the regulated variable where the sensor sends signal (input) to an integrating center which then decides how to go about the error signal where it sends signals (output) to cells, tissues, or organs to bring about the final response

A

Sensor

50
Q

______________ triggers changes in the regulated variable only when appropriate to help maintain homeostasis

A

Negative feedback

51
Q

Positive feedback

A

The response of the system goes in the same direction as the change that sets it in motion (doesn’t maintain homeostasis)

Physiology (8 decks)

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