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Physiology > Molecular Interaction > Flashcards

Molecular Interaction Flashcards

1
Q

Major essential elements

A

Oxygens, carbon, & hydrogen (& 8 other elements)

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2
Q

Most biomolecules contain what?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

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3
Q

Biomolecules

A

Molecules that contain carbon

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4
Q

What are the 4 groups of biomolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleotides (DNA, RNA, ATP, & cyclic AMP)
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5
Q

_________ & _________ are the structural components of genetic material

A

DNA & RNA

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6
Q

_______ carry energy

A

ATP

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7
Q

___________ regulates metabolism

A

Cyclic AMP

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8
Q

Conjugated proteins

A

Protein’s molecules combined with another kind of biomolecule (ex. proteins & lipids to make lipoproteins)

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9
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins combined with carbohydrates

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10
Q

Glycolipids

A

Lipids bound to carbohydrates

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11
Q

___________, __________, & _____________ are important for the cell membrane

A

Glycoproteins, glycolipids, & lipoproteins

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12
Q

Polymers

A

Large molecules made up of repeating units (ex. glycogen & starch)

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13
Q

__________ are made up of carbon & hydrogen

A

Lipids

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14
Q

______________ are made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in the formula CH2O

A

Carbohydrates

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15
Q

___________ & ____________ contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

A

Proteins & nucleotides

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16
Q

What are the 4 common functional groups?

A
  1. Amino (NH2)
  2. Carboxyl (COOH)
  3. Hydroxyl (OH)
  4. Phosphate (H2PO4)
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17
Q

What are the 4 important biological roles electrons have in physiology?

A
  1. Covalent bonds
  2. Ions
  3. High energy electrons
  4. Free radicals
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18
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Electrons shared between atoms form strong covalent bonds that bind atom together

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19
Q

Ions

A

When an atom or molecule gain or losses one or more electron it gets a charge & becomes an ion

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20
Q

High energy electrons

A

Electrons that can capture energy from their environment & transfer it to other atoms

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21
Q

Free radical

A

Are unstable molecules with an unpaired electron

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22
Q

___________ & _________ bonds are strong bonds because they require significant amount of energy to break

A

Covalent & ionic

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23
Q

__________ & london dispersion forces are weaker bonds where they require less energy to break

A

Hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

____________ bonds between atoms create molecules

A

Covalent

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25
Q

_____________ form when atoms share pairs of electrons to create a covalent bond

A

Molecules

26
Q

Polar molecules

A

Are molecules which have partial charges

27
Q

Nonpolar molecules

A

Molecules that don’t have partial charges (compounds that only have carbon & hydrogen)

28
Q

___________, ____________, & __________ bonds are noncovalent bonds

A

Van der waals forces, Ionic bonds, & hydrogen bonds

29
Q

______________ of water is a result of hydrogen bonding

A

Surface tension

30
Q

_____________ interactions create biological solution

A

Hydrophilic

31
Q

Solubility

A

Is the degree to which a molecule is able to dissolve

32
Q

______________ molecule dissolve in water & hydrophobic molecules don’t

A

Hydrophilic

33
Q

___________ are the most hydrophobic group of biological molecules

A

Lipids (fats & oil)

34
Q

_____________ are the primary component of biological membrane

A

Phospholipids

35
Q

Molecular structure is related to molecular ___________

A

Function

36
Q

Proteins shapes are determined both in the sequence of amino acids in the _____________

A

Protein chain (which is primary structure)

37
Q

The secondary structure of proteins are formed by covalent bonds angles between ___________

A

Amino acids

38
Q

The two common protein secondary structure are the _____________ & ____________

A

Alpha- helix & zig - zag shape of Beta Sheets

39
Q

Proteins are categorized into what two groups based on their shape?

A
  1. Globular
  2. Fibrous
40
Q

Globular proteins

A

Can be a mix of alpha- helices, beta sheets, & amino acids chains that fold back on themselves

41
Q

Covalent ____________ play an important role in the shape of globular proteins

A

Disulfide bonds (S-S)

42
Q

____________ proteins can be beta strands or long chains of alpha helices

A

Fibrous

43
Q

_____________ proteins are usually insoluble in water & form important structural components of cells & tissue (ex. collagen, keratin)

A

Fibrous

44
Q

____________ in solution can alter molecular shape

A

Hydrogen ion

45
Q

____________ bonding is an important part of molecular shape

A

Hydrogen bonding

46
Q

If free H+ disrupts a molecule’s noncovalent bond, the molecule shape (conformation) will change which can alter a molecules’ ability to _________

A

Function

47
Q

The concentration of free H+ in the body fluids (acidity) is measured in ______

A

pH

48
Q

Normal pH of blood in the body is what?

A

7.40

49
Q

Only free H+ contributes to the ____________ concentration

A

Hydrogen ion

50
Q

A _____________ can be used in the body to maintain normal pH

A

Buffer

51
Q

Buffer

A

Any substance that moderates changed in pH

52
Q

____________ play important role in so many cells functions & are considered as the “workhorses” of the body

A

Proteins

53
Q

What are the seven board categories soluble protein fall into?

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Membrane transporters
  3. Signal molecules
  4. Receptors
  5. Binding proteins
  6. Immunoglobulins
    1. Regulatory proteins
54
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions

55
Q

Membrane transporters

A

Proteins in cell membranes help move substances back & forth between in intracellular & extracellular compartments

56
Q

Signal molecules

A

Proteins that can act as hormones & other signal molecules

57
Q

Receptors

A

Proteins that bind signal molecules & initiate cellular response called receptors

58
Q

Binding proteins

A

Proteins that are formed in extracellular fluid that bind transport molecules throughout the body

59
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Are antibodies that help protect the body from foreign invaders & substances

60
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

Turn cell processes on & off or up & down (ex. transcription factors bonding to DNA & alter gene expression)

Physiology (8 decks)

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