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Molecular Interaction Flashcards

1
Q

Major essential elements

A

Oxygens, carbon, & hydrogen (& 8 other elements)

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2
Q

Most biomolecules contain what?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

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3
Q

Biomolecules

A

Molecules that contain carbon

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4
Q

What are the 4 groups of biomolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleotides (DNA, RNA, ATP, & cyclic AMP)
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5
Q

_________ & _________ are the structural components of genetic material

A

DNA & RNA

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6
Q

_______ carry energy

A

ATP

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7
Q

___________ regulates metabolism

A

Cyclic AMP

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8
Q

Conjugated proteins

A

Protein’s molecules combined with another kind of biomolecule (ex. proteins & lipids to make lipoproteins)

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9
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins combined with carbohydrates

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10
Q

Glycolipids

A

Lipids bound to carbohydrates

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11
Q

___________, __________, & _____________ are important for the cell membrane

A

Glycoproteins, glycolipids, & lipoproteins

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12
Q

Polymers

A

Large molecules made up of repeating units (ex. glycogen & starch)

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13
Q

__________ are made up of carbon & hydrogen

A

Lipids

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14
Q

______________ are made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in the formula CH2O

A

Carbohydrates

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15
Q

___________ & ____________ contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

A

Proteins & nucleotides

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16
Q

What are the 4 common functional groups?

A
  1. Amino (NH2)
  2. Carboxyl (COOH)
  3. Hydroxyl (OH)
  4. Phosphate (H2PO4)
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17
Q

What are the 4 important biological roles electrons have in physiology?

A
  1. Covalent bonds
  2. Ions
  3. High energy electrons
  4. Free radicals
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18
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Electrons shared between atoms form strong covalent bonds that bind atom together

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19
Q

Ions

A

When an atom or molecule gain or losses one or more electron it gets a charge & becomes an ion

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20
Q

High energy electrons

A

Electrons that can capture energy from their environment & transfer it to other atoms

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21
Q

Free radical

A

Are unstable molecules with an unpaired electron

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22
Q

___________ & _________ bonds are strong bonds because they require significant amount of energy to break

A

Covalent & ionic

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23
Q

__________ & london dispersion forces are weaker bonds where they require less energy to break

A

Hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

____________ bonds between atoms create molecules

A

Covalent

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25
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ form when atoms share pairs of electrons to create a covalent bond
Molecules
26
Polar molecules
Are molecules which have partial charges
27
Nonpolar molecules
Molecules that don't have partial charges (compounds that only have carbon & hydrogen)
28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, & __________ bonds are noncovalent bonds
Van der waals forces, Ionic bonds, & hydrogen bonds
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of water is a result of hydrogen bonding
Surface tension
30
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interactions create biological solution
Hydrophilic
31
Solubility
Is the degree to which a molecule is able to dissolve
32
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ molecule dissolve in water & hydrophobic molecules don't
Hydrophilic
33
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the most hydrophobic group of biological molecules
Lipids (fats & oil)
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the primary component of biological membrane
Phospholipids
35
Molecular structure is related to molecular \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Function
36
Proteins shapes are determined both in the sequence of amino acids in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Protein chain (which is primary structure)
37
The secondary structure of proteins are formed by covalent bonds angles between \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Amino acids
38
The two common protein secondary structure are the _____________ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Alpha- helix & zig - zag shape of Beta Sheets
39
Proteins are categorized into what two groups based on their shape?
1. Globular 2. Fibrous
40
Globular proteins
Can be a mix of alpha- helices, beta sheets, & amino acids chains that fold back on themselves
41
Covalent ____________ play an important role in the shape of globular proteins
Disulfide bonds (S-S)
42
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ proteins can be beta strands or long chains of alpha helices
Fibrous
43
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ proteins are usually insoluble in water & form important structural components of cells & tissue (ex. collagen, keratin)
Fibrous
44
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in solution can alter molecular shape
Hydrogen ion
45
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bonding is an important part of molecular shape
Hydrogen bonding
46
If free H+ disrupts a molecule's noncovalent bond, the molecule shape (conformation) will change which can alter a molecules' ability to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Function
47
The concentration of free H+ in the body fluids (acidity) is measured in \_\_\_\_\_\_
pH
48
Normal pH of blood in the body is what?
7.40
49
Only free H+ contributes to the ____________ concentration
Hydrogen ion
50
A _____________ can be used in the body to maintain normal pH
Buffer
51
Buffer
Any substance that moderates changed in pH
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ play important role in so many cells functions & are considered as the “workhorses” of the body
Proteins
53
What are the seven board categories soluble protein fall into?
1. Enzymes 2. Membrane transporters 3. Signal molecules 4. Receptors 5. Binding proteins 6. Immunoglobulins 1. Regulatory proteins
54
Enzymes
Biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions
55
Membrane transporters
Proteins in cell membranes help move substances back & forth between in intracellular & extracellular compartments
56
Signal molecules
Proteins that can act as hormones & other signal molecules
57
Receptors
Proteins that bind signal molecules & initiate cellular response called receptors
58
Binding proteins
Proteins that are formed in extracellular fluid that bind transport molecules throughout the body
59
Immunoglobulins
Are antibodies that help protect the body from foreign invaders & substances
60
Regulatory proteins
Turn cell processes on & off or up & down (ex. transcription factors bonding to DNA & alter gene expression)

Physiology (8 decks)

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