The Cell: Structure and Function

Question 1

Cell membrane

Answer 1

Separates the cell from the environment

Question 2

Cytoplasm

Answer 2

Fluid inside of the cell that covers the cell organelles

Question 3

Cell wall

Answer 3

Found only in plants; Provides support and upright

Question 4

Plasma membrane

Answer 4

Made up of a phospholipid bilayer and separates cytoplasm from organelles. Controls what goes into and out of a cell, and helps maintain homeostasis.

Question 5

Nucleus

Answer 5

Contains the cell’s genetic material; controls and regulates all cellular activity including mitosis.

Question 6

Mitochondria

Answer 6

Powerhouse of the cell; converts oxygen and nutrients into energy via aerobic respiration

Question 7

Ribosomes

Answer 7

Help synthesize the proteins needed by the cell; Help with the formation of enzymes

Question 8

Golgi apparatus

Answer 8

Helps package and secrete proteins that come from the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 9

Rough ER

Answer 9

Rough due to the presence of ribosomes

Question 10

Smooth ER

Answer 10

Does not have ribosomes; helps synthesize lipids and fats

Question 11

Passive transport

Answer 11

Movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration

Question 12

Active transport

Answer 12

Movement of particles from an area of low to high concentration; requires an input of energy

Question 13

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 13

Solutes travel through a membrane from high to low concentrations with the help of transmembrane proteins

Question 14

Osmosis

Answer 14

Molecules move from low to high concentrations through a semipermeable membrane

Question 15

Semipermeable membrane

Answer 15

A barrier that enables certain solutes to flow, while preventing others.

Question 16

Hypotonic solution

Answer 16

Least amount of solute (bloated).

Question 17

Hypertonic solution

Answer 17

Greatest amount of solute (shriveled).

Question 18

Isotonic solution

Answer 18

Solutions with equal amounts of solutes.

Question 19

Example of passive transport

Answer 19

A plant absorbing water through their roots.

Question 20

Example of active transport

Answer 20

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Question 21

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Answer 21

Has a high internal potassium concentration and low internal sodium concentration

Question 22

Exocytosis

Answer 22

Transport of large molecules out of the cell

Question 23

Endocytosis

Answer 23

Transport of large molecules into the cell

Question 24

Protein synthesis

Answer 24

1. Transcription, using mRNA
2. Translation, using tRNA

Question 25

Transcription

Answer 25

mRNA copies (transcribes) the information from DNA into a different format.

Question 26

Translation

Answer 26

mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to the ribosome. tRNA is carrying an amino acid based on the codon and anticodon. Multiple tRNAs combine to form a chain of amino acids that become a protein.

Question 27

Codon

Answer 27

3-base sequence that codes for a protein

Question 28

Anticodon

Answer 28

3-base sequence on the tRNA that helps code for a protein

Question 29

Two parts of cell cycle for eukaryotic somatic cells

Answer 29

1.) Interphase (95%)
2.) Mitosis (5%)

Question 30

Interphase

Answer 30

G1- Cell grows and replicates organelles
S- Copies of DNA are made within sister chromatids
G2- Cell continues to grow; more protein synthesis

Question 31

Mitosis

Answer 31

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase (+ cytokinesis)

Question 32

Prophase

Answer 32

• Nucleolus disappears
• Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
• Separation of centrosomes
  -Formation of the mitotic spindle

Question 33

Metaphase

Answer 33

Chromosomes align in the metaphase plate

Question 34

Anaphase

Answer 34

-Unattached microtubules push against each other to elongate cells
- Chromatids separate towards opposite poles

Question 35

Telophase

Answer 35

• New nuclear envelope forms
• Chromosomes unfold back into chromatin
  -Nucleoli reappear
• Cell continues to stretch out

Question 36

Cytokinesis

Answer 36

Daughter cells divide