The Cell: Structure and Function Flashcards
Cell membrane
Separates the cell from the environment
Cytoplasm
Fluid inside of the cell that covers the cell organelles
Cell wall
Found only in plants; Provides support and upright
Plasma membrane
Made up of a phospholipid bilayer and separates cytoplasm from organelles. Controls what goes into and out of a cell, and helps maintain homeostasis.
Nucleus
Contains the cell’s genetic material; controls and regulates all cellular activity including mitosis.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell; converts oxygen and nutrients into energy via aerobic respiration
Ribosomes
Help synthesize the proteins needed by the cell; Help with the formation of enzymes
Golgi apparatus
Helps package and secrete proteins that come from the endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER
Rough due to the presence of ribosomes
Smooth ER
Does not have ribosomes; helps synthesize lipids and fats
Passive transport
Movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration
Active transport
Movement of particles from an area of low to high concentration; requires an input of energy
Facilitated diffusion
Solutes travel through a membrane from high to low concentrations with the help of transmembrane proteins
Osmosis
Molecules move from low to high concentrations through a semipermeable membrane
Semipermeable membrane
A barrier that enables certain solutes to flow, while preventing others.
Hypotonic solution
Least amount of solute (bloated).
Hypertonic solution
Greatest amount of solute (shriveled).
Isotonic solution
Solutions with equal amounts of solutes.
Example of passive transport
A plant absorbing water through their roots.
Example of active transport
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Has a high internal potassium concentration and low internal sodium concentration
Exocytosis
Transport of large molecules out of the cell
Endocytosis
Transport of large molecules into the cell
Protein synthesis
- Transcription, using mRNA
- Translation, using tRNA
Transcription
mRNA copies (transcribes) the information from DNA into a different format.
Translation
mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to the ribosome. tRNA is carrying an amino acid based on the codon and anticodon. Multiple tRNAs combine to form a chain of amino acids that become a protein.
Codon
3-base sequence that codes for a protein
Anticodon
3-base sequence on the tRNA that helps code for a protein
Two parts of cell cycle for eukaryotic somatic cells
1.) Interphase (95%)
2.) Mitosis (5%)
Interphase
G1- Cell grows and replicates organelles
S- Copies of DNA are made within sister chromatids
G2- Cell continues to grow; more protein synthesis
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase (+ cytokinesis)
Prophase
- Nucleolus disappears
- Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- Separation of centrosomes
-Formation of the mitotic spindle
Metaphase
Chromosomes align in the metaphase plate
Anaphase
-Unattached microtubules push against each other to elongate cells
- Chromatids separate towards opposite poles
Telophase
- New nuclear envelope forms
- Chromosomes unfold back into chromatin
-Nucleoli reappear - Cell continues to stretch out
Cytokinesis
Daughter cells divide
