Structures and Functions of Organisms

Question 1

Virus

Answer 1

Small collection of DNA/RNA that is surrounded by a protein coat

Question 2

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

(yes/no to membrane-bound organelles, where genetic information is located, complexity of organism)

Answer 2

Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles; DNA is found in the nucleoid; usually unicellular

Eukaryotes do have membrane-bound organelles; DNA is found in nucleus; multicellular

Question 3

Bacteriophage

Answer 3

A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria.

Question 4

Protists
1.) Eukaryotic or prokaryotic
2.) Unicellular or multicellular
3.) Land or aquatic

Answer 4

Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, mostly aquatic

Question 5

Animal-like protists
(how do they get their nutrients?)

Answer 5

Heterotrophs, get their nutrients by ingesting food– also called “protozoa”

Question 6

Plant-like protists
(how do they get their nutrients?)

Answer 6

Autotrophs; get their nutrients by performing photosynthesis– also called “protophyta”

Question 7

Fungus-like protists
(how do they get their nutrients?)

Answer 7

Externally digest food and then absorb the nutrients

Question 8

Endosymbiosis

Answer 8

When one cell engulfs another cell

Question 9

Characteristics of Fungi
{ Eukaryote or prokaryote?}
{ Heterotroph or phototroph?}
{What holds cells upright?}
{ How do fungi reproduce?}

Answer 9

• Fungi are eukaryotes
• Fungi are heterotrophs
• Fungal cells contain cell walls and vacuoles
• Fungi reproduce via spores

Question 10

Life cycle of ephemerals

Answer 10

Lifespan gets completed before the start of the dry seasons.

Question 11

Life cycle of annuals

Answer 11

Complete their lifespan within one year

Question 12

Life cycle of biennials

Answer 12

Takes two years to complete their life cycle

Question 13

Life cycle of perennials

Answer 13

Live more than two years; can produce flowers and fruits every season or once in their lifetime

Question 14

Angiosperms that contain both male and female parts are…

Answer 14

Bisexual

Question 15

Angiosperms that have separate male and female flowers are…

Answer 15

Unisexual
(same plant- monoecious)
(different plants- dioecious)

Question 16

Male parts of a flower

Answer 16

Stamen; include the filament and anther. Filament is the stalk that supports the anther, the anther produces pollen.

Question 17

Female parts of a flower

Answer 17

Pistil; includes the stigma, style, and ovary

Question 18

Alternation of Generations

Answer 18

There are two distinct stages in the plant life cycle where the cells and number of chromosomes vary. These include haploid and diploid.

Question 19

Haploid stage of plant life cycle

Answer 19

Plant’s “reproduction” stage; produces gametes, which are just haploid cells

Question 20

Diploid stage of plant life cycle

Answer 20

Plants spend most of their time in this stage; cells that make up the leaves, roots, and stem have two sets of chromosomes.

Question 21

Binary fission

Answer 21

Organism copying its genetic material and dividing its body in half

Question 22

Budding

Answer 22

Outgrowth or bud on a part of the plant goes through cell division and develops into an independent organism

Question 23

Vegetative reproduction

Answer 23

When a stem or leaf is covered in soil; the covered section will develop its own root system and structure until it separates from parent

Question 24

Fragmentation

Answer 24

A detached section of the parent plant develops and grows into an independent offspring

Question 25

Primary germ layers (3)

Answer 25

Ectoderm- outermost layer of cells
Mesoderm- middle layer of cells
Endoderm- innermost layer of cells

Question 26

Tendons

Answer 26

Tissues that attach muscles to bones

Question 27

Ligaments

Answer 27

Tissues that attach bones to other bones

Question 28

3 types of muscles in the human body

Answer 28

1.) skeletal muscles
2.) smooth muscles
3.) cardiac muscles

Question 29

Besides structure, what function do bones serve?

Answer 29

Donate certain minerals when dietary levels are low

Question 30

Accessory Organ

Answer 30

Not part of the digestive system, but aid in the digestion and break down of nutrients

Question 31

The brain stem regulates breathing and will signal the diaphragm to contract in response to

Answer 31

Levels of carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 32

The human circulatory system includes what is usually described as double circulation, which means that:

Answer 32

Blood pressure is maintained by blood pumped once through the lungs and again before it enters the systemic circulation

Question 33

Microvilli are located where?

Answer 33

The lining of the digestive tract

Question 34

How does temperature help maintain homeostasis?

Answer 34

If the body is too hot, there is sweating. If the body is cold, goosebumps form and shivering happens

Question 35

How does blood glucose maintain homeostasis?

Answer 35

When blood sugar levels rise, the pancreas release insulin which works to lower blood sugar levels in the liver. If blood sugar levels become too low, the body releases glucagon which works with the liver to raise blood sugar levels.

Question 36

Receptor cells

Answer 36

Cells throughout the body that are triggered by stimuli. Normal levels are filtered through the control center, and compared to a set point.

Question 37

Prokaryotes have lived on Earth for how many years?

Answer 37

3.4 billion years

Question 38

Thermoregulation in plants

Answer 38

Some flowers are endothermic; other use heliotropism or follow the sun as it moves through the sky.

Question 39

Stoma/stomata

Answer 39

Tiny openings in the leaves of plants that help them regulate homeostasis

Question 40

Transpiration

Answer 40

Water evaporates from the plant to regulate water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen.

Question 41

Sessile

Answer 41

Living things that cannot move (like plants or certain animals)

Question 42

Turgor pressure

Answer 42

For plants, similar to blood pressure for humans. Wilted plants typically have too little water.

Question 43

Phototropism

Answer 43

When a plant grows toward something good or away from something bad.

Question 44

Phototropism

Answer 44

When a plant grows toward something good or away from something bad.

Question 45

Osmoregulation

Answer 45

Biological process with the bodies of animals that regulates their water levels.

Question 46

Acid homeostasis in animals

Answer 46

The body regulates pH by releasing ammonia, bicarbonate, phosphates, and proteins to make adjustments.

Question 47

Why do plants containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots need less nitrogen-based fertilizer than others?

Answer 47

The bacteria convert nitrogen in the air into a form that can be taken up by the plants.

Question 48

What type of plant would have the greatest rate of transpiration during the day?

Answer 48

A plant with many large leaves

Question 49

Which nutrients often limit the distribution and abundance of photosynthetic organisms?

Answer 49

Nitrogen and phosphorus

Question 50

Hypothalamus’ purpose

Answer 50

Contains the temperature sensors, as well as the control mechanisms to adjust internal temperatures based on the feedback it receives.

Question 51

Endotherm

Answer 51

Animal that uses internal processes to maintain body temperature

Question 52

Ectotherm

Answer 52

Animal that uses external processes to maintain body temperature

Question 53

What does insulin do?

Answer 53

Its a hormone produced by the pancreas that facilitates glucose transport into the cells, which lowers blood glucose levels