Structures and Functions of Organisms Flashcards
Virus
Small collection of DNA/RNA that is surrounded by a protein coat
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
(yes/no to membrane-bound organelles, where genetic information is located, complexity of organism)
Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles; DNA is found in the nucleoid; usually unicellular
Eukaryotes do have membrane-bound organelles; DNA is found in nucleus; multicellular
Bacteriophage
A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria.
Protists
1.) Eukaryotic or prokaryotic
2.) Unicellular or multicellular
3.) Land or aquatic
Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, mostly aquatic
Animal-like protists
(how do they get their nutrients?)
Heterotrophs, get their nutrients by ingesting food– also called “protozoa”
Plant-like protists
(how do they get their nutrients?)
Autotrophs; get their nutrients by performing photosynthesis– also called “protophyta”
Fungus-like protists
(how do they get their nutrients?)
Externally digest food and then absorb the nutrients
Endosymbiosis
When one cell engulfs another cell
Characteristics of Fungi
{ Eukaryote or prokaryote?}
{ Heterotroph or phototroph?}
{What holds cells upright?}
{ How do fungi reproduce?}
- Fungi are eukaryotes
- Fungi are heterotrophs
- Fungal cells contain cell walls and vacuoles
- Fungi reproduce via spores
Life cycle of ephemerals
Lifespan gets completed before the start of the dry seasons.
Life cycle of annuals
Complete their lifespan within one year
Life cycle of biennials
Takes two years to complete their life cycle
Life cycle of perennials
Live more than two years; can produce flowers and fruits every season or once in their lifetime
Angiosperms that contain both male and female parts are…
Bisexual
Angiosperms that have separate male and female flowers are…
Unisexual
(same plant- monoecious)
(different plants- dioecious)
Male parts of a flower
Stamen; include the filament and anther. Filament is the stalk that supports the anther, the anther produces pollen.
Female parts of a flower
Pistil; includes the stigma, style, and ovary
Alternation of Generations
There are two distinct stages in the plant life cycle where the cells and number of chromosomes vary. These include haploid and diploid.
Haploid stage of plant life cycle
Plant’s “reproduction” stage; produces gametes, which are just haploid cells
Diploid stage of plant life cycle
Plants spend most of their time in this stage; cells that make up the leaves, roots, and stem have two sets of chromosomes.
Binary fission
Organism copying its genetic material and dividing its body in half
Budding
Outgrowth or bud on a part of the plant goes through cell division and develops into an independent organism
Vegetative reproduction
When a stem or leaf is covered in soil; the covered section will develop its own root system and structure until it separates from parent
Fragmentation
A detached section of the parent plant develops and grows into an independent offspring
Primary germ layers (3)
Ectoderm- outermost layer of cells
Mesoderm- middle layer of cells
Endoderm- innermost layer of cells
Tendons
Tissues that attach muscles to bones
Ligaments
Tissues that attach bones to other bones
3 types of muscles in the human body
1.) skeletal muscles
2.) smooth muscles
3.) cardiac muscles
Besides structure, what function do bones serve?
Donate certain minerals when dietary levels are low
Accessory Organ
Not part of the digestive system, but aid in the digestion and break down of nutrients
The brain stem regulates breathing and will signal the diaphragm to contract in response to
Levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
The human circulatory system includes what is usually described as double circulation, which means that:
Blood pressure is maintained by blood pumped once through the lungs and again before it enters the systemic circulation
Microvilli are located where?
The lining of the digestive tract
How does temperature help maintain homeostasis?
If the body is too hot, there is sweating. If the body is cold, goosebumps form and shivering happens
How does blood glucose maintain homeostasis?
When blood sugar levels rise, the pancreas release insulin which works to lower blood sugar levels in the liver. If blood sugar levels become too low, the body releases glucagon which works with the liver to raise blood sugar levels.
Receptor cells
Cells throughout the body that are triggered by stimuli. Normal levels are filtered through the control center, and compared to a set point.
Prokaryotes have lived on Earth for how many years?
3.4 billion years
Thermoregulation in plants
Some flowers are endothermic; other use heliotropism or follow the sun as it moves through the sky.
Stoma/stomata
Tiny openings in the leaves of plants that help them regulate homeostasis
Transpiration
Water evaporates from the plant to regulate water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen.
Sessile
Living things that cannot move (like plants or certain animals)
Turgor pressure
For plants, similar to blood pressure for humans. Wilted plants typically have too little water.
Phototropism
When a plant grows toward something good or away from something bad.
Phototropism
When a plant grows toward something good or away from something bad.
Osmoregulation
Biological process with the bodies of animals that regulates their water levels.
Acid homeostasis in animals
The body regulates pH by releasing ammonia, bicarbonate, phosphates, and proteins to make adjustments.
Why do plants containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots need less nitrogen-based fertilizer than others?
The bacteria convert nitrogen in the air into a form that can be taken up by the plants.
What type of plant would have the greatest rate of transpiration during the day?
A plant with many large leaves
Which nutrients often limit the distribution and abundance of photosynthetic organisms?
Nitrogen and phosphorus
Hypothalamus’ purpose
Contains the temperature sensors, as well as the control mechanisms to adjust internal temperatures based on the feedback it receives.
Endotherm
Animal that uses internal processes to maintain body temperature
Ectotherm
Animal that uses external processes to maintain body temperature
What does insulin do?
Its a hormone produced by the pancreas that facilitates glucose transport into the cells, which lowers blood glucose levels
